Potentiation of the expression of nitrogen dioxide-induced lung injury by postexposure exercise

Overview of nitrogen dioxide effects on the lung with emphasis on military relevance

“…Furthermore, examinations using more sensitive morphological and biochemical methodologies after exposure to sub-lethal levels of NO 2 have not been performed in humans by the US Army. However, the US Army has investigated the pulmonary effects of various levels of NO 2 (100-1500 ppm X 15-30 min), the effect of NO 2 (100 ppm X 15 min) on post-exposure exercise performance and the contribution of exercise to N0 2 -induced pulmonary injury in a rodent model (Stavert et al, 1987a,b;Stavert and Lehnert, 1988). Similar exercise studies have not been performed in humans by the US Army, although, in civilian studies, humans have been exposed to NO 2 in concentrations of 0.50 ppm-4 ppm for 20 min-2 h followed by exercise (Folinsbee et al, 1978;Kerr et al, 1979).…”

“…However, a standard accepted format which would mintinally provide gas concentration (including peak concentrations), duration of exposure, respiratory rate and pattern, and the weight of the experimental animal would further aid in comparing studies. The differences in cumulative dose and dose rate-dependency may be explained by the high reactivity of NO 2 , the toxic endpoint measured, or the resp.ratory pattern of the animal (Stavert and Lehnert, 1988, Postlethwait et al, 1990, Gelzhichter et al, 1992a. In studies involving chronic and/or intermittent exposure to NO, the importance of such reporting would be tempered by other factors such as the influence of the natural protective and adaptive processes occurring over time.…”

The Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Pyrolysis Products of Halon 1301: Kinetic Course of Lung Injury, Degradation in Work Performance, and Exercise Potentiation of Lung Injury after Phosgene Exposure

“…Before use in the work performance or exercise components of this study, rats were subjected to a 20 day training program designed to behaviorally and physically condition them to perform on a treadmill, as described elsewhere (15). During the training program, the work intensities awid durations of exercise were increased daily until the rats were capable of performing a "ramp" exercise protocol, Figure 3.…”

The Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Pyrolysis Products of Halon 1301: Exercise Potentiation of Expression of Lung Injury Induced by Compounds 1 and 2

“…Before use, rats were subjected to a 20 day training program designed to behaviorally and physically condition them to perform on a treadmill (Stavert et al, 1987a;Stavert et al, 1987b;Stavert and Lehnert, 1989). During the training program, the work Intensities and durations of exercise were Increased daily until the rats were capable of performing a "rarp" exercise protocol, Figure 2.…”

“…The fixation by submersion approach was used to preserve the appearance of edema fluid in the lung's air spaces. For histological analysis of the lung, each left lobe was sliced on the same plane as the main-stem bronchi from Its apex to Its base along a line between the most posterior to the most anterior aspocts to expose the maximal planar surface area for sectioning (Stavert et al, 1986;Stavert and Lehnert, 1989;Stavert and Lshnert, 1990). The blocks of tissue were embedded In paraffin, and 4 um sections were prepared and stained with hematoxytln and eosin by conventional methods.…”