“…Subunit diversity yields different nAChR subtypes, each having unique biophysical properties, including permeability to calcium and ligand sensitivity (Hernández-Vivanco et al, 2014; Jones et al, 1999; Papke, 1993). Studies show that the most prevalent nAChR subtypes in the CNS contain β2 and α4 subunits, which can heterodimerize to form various subtypes, including α4β2, α4α6β2, and α4(2)α5β2(2) nAChRs (*denotes that these nAChRs can contain other α and β subunits) (Flores et al, 1992; Gotti et al, 2009; Hamouda et al, 2021; Liu et al, 2003; Moroni et al, 2006). α4β2* nAChRs have been implicated in a variety of diseases as possible targets for the treatment of nicotine dependence, pain, as well as many cognitive and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Tourette’s syndrome (McEvoy and Allen, 2002; Okada et al, 2013; Quik and Wonnacott, 2011); however, the heterogeneity displayed by this receptor system has made it challenging to investigate specific subunits in isolation, and finding selective tools to investigate these subtypes has proved difficult (Alkondon and Albuquerque, 2004; Fowler et al, 2008; Improgo et al, 2010; Levin, 2002; Pimlott et al, 2004).…”