Poverty, A Risk Factor Overlooked: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study Comparing Poverty Rate and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in the State of Florida

Al-Turk, Bashar; Harris, Ciel; Nelson, Grant; Smotherman, Carmen; Palacio, Carlos; House, Jeffrey

doi:10.1136/jim-2017-000621

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Thus, unemployment is linked with disease development due to reduced access to medical care and screening programs resulting from the lack of health insurance [ 43 ]. Poverty associated with a lack of social support leads to chronic stress and adverse health behaviors [ 18 , 44 ]. To calculate the SED index, its component variables were standardized via linear transformation such that the expected value of the variables was equal to 0 and the standard deviation was equal to 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These variables were chosen as they showed a strong correlation with all-cause mortality [38]. According to published literature data, the SED variables are potential predictors of the geographical distribution of CSD mortality [39][40][41][42][43][44]. Education not only increases the awareness of beneficial health behaviors through medical and prophylactic care and treatment recommendations, but is also one of the essential determinants of employment [39,40].…”

Section: Area-level Sed Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is area-level socioeconomic deprivation associated with mortality due to circulatory system diseases in Poland?

2023

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Background Socioeconomic deprivation (SED) is known to influence cardiovascular health. However, studies analyzing the relationship between deprivation and circulatory system diseases (CSD) in Central and Eastern Europe are limited. This study aimed to assess the relationship between SED and mortality due to CSD at a population level in 66 sub-regions of Poland. Methods The 2010–2014 data regarding mortality and SED components were obtained from the Central Statistical Office. An area-based SED index was calculated based on the higher education rates, employment structure, wages, unemployment, and poverty. The dynamics of changes in mortality due to CSD was expressed by the number of deaths prevented or postponed (DPP) in terciles of the SED index. The associations between the mortality from CSD and SED index were analyzed using multivariate Poisson regression models and generalized estimating equations. Results Among men, the percentage of DPP in 2014 was 13.1% for CSD, 23.4% for ischemic heart disease (IHD), and 21.4% for cerebrovascular diseases (CeVD). In the case of women, the proportion of DPP was 12.8, 25.6, and 21.6%, respectively. More deprived sub-regions experienced a greater decrease in CSD-related mortality than less deprived sub-regions. The disparity in mortality reduction between more deprived and less deprived sub-regions was even more pronounced for women. After adjusting for smoking prevalence, average BMI, population density, and changes in mortality over time, it was found that the SED index over the 2010–2014 time period was significantly associated with CSD- and IHD-related mortality for men (respectively 5.3 and 19.5% expected mortality increase per 1-unit increase of SED index), and with IHD- and CeVD-related mortality for women (respectively 30.3 and 23.0% expected mortality increase per 1-unit increase of SED index). Conclusions Significant differences in mortality changes due to CSD in Poland could be observed in relation to socioeconomic deprivation, resulting in reduced health inequalities. To reduce CSD mortality, more comprehensive preventive measures, including approaches addressing the socioeconomic factors, mainly poverty, education and employment, are needed, particularly in less urbanized areas.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Area-level Sed Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is area-level socioeconomic deprivation associated with mortality due to circulatory system diseases in Poland?

2023

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“…Thus, unemployment is linked with disease development, due to reduced access to medical care and screening programs resulting from the lack of health insurance [42]. Poverty associated with a lack of social support leads to chronic stress and adverse health behaviors [18,43]. To calculate the SED index, its component variables were standardized via linear transformation such that the expected value of the variables was equal to 0 and the standard deviation was equal to 1.…”

Section: Area-level Sed Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These variables were chosen as they showed a strong correlation with all-cause mortality [37]. According to published literature data, the SED variables are potential predictors of the geographical distribution of CSD mortality [38][39][40][41][42][43]. Education not only increases the awareness of bene cial health behaviors, through medical and prophylactic care as well as treatment recommendations, but is also one of the important determinants of employment [38,39].…”

Section: Area-level Sed Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is area-level socioeconomic deprivation associated with mortality due to circulatory system diseases in Poland?

Jamiołkowski

Genowska

Pająk

2022

Preprint

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Background. Socioeconomic deprivation (SED) is known to influence cardiovascular health. However, studies analyzing the relationship between deprivation and circulatory system diseases (CSD) in Central and Eastern Europe are limited. This study aimed to assess the relationship between SED and mortality due to CSD at a population level in 66 sub-regions of Poland. Methods. The data regarding mortality and SED components were obtained from the Central Statistical Office. An area-based SED index was estimated from the rates of education, structure in employment, salary, unemployment, as well as and poverty. The dynamics of changes in mortality due to CSD was calculated as the number of deaths prevented or postponed (DPP) in terciles of SED index. The associations between the mortality from CSD and SED index were analyzed using multivariate Poisson regression models and generalized estimating equations. Results. Among men, the percentage of DPP in 2014 was 13.1% for CSD, 23.4% for ischemic heart disease (IHD), and 21.4% for cerebrovascular diseases (CD). In the case of women, the proportion of DPP was 12.8%, 25.6%, and 21.6%, respectively. More deprived sub-regions experienced a greater decrease in CSD-related mortality compared to the less deprived sub-regions. The disparity in mortality reduction between more deprived and less deprived sub-regions was even more pronounced for women. After adjustment for lifestyle, population density, and changes in mortality over time, the SED index was found to be associated with CSD- and IHD-related mortality for men (β = 1.053, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.008–1.100 and β = 1.195, 95% CI 1.005–1.419, respectively), and with IHD- and CD-related mortality for women (β = 1.303, 95% CI 1.025–1.657 and β = 1.230, 95% CI 1.025–1.477, respectively). Conclusions. A major proportion of the territorial differences in mortality due to CSD in Poland could be attributed to socioeconomic deprivation. To reduce CSD mortality, more comprehensive preventive measures, including approaches addressing the socioeconomic factors, mainly poverty, education and employment, in particular in less urbanized areas are needed.

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“…Researchers at a large southeastern university were awarded a grant from the state’s anti-tobacco agency to explore augmenting opinion-based surveys with data collected using biometric sensors (Al-Turk et al, 2018; Huseynov et al, 2019; Venkatraman et al, 2015; Cartocci et al, 2017). Our goal was to determine the value added by physiological neuro-metric tools (galvanic skin response, eye tracking, and facial expression analysis (FEA), (Clark et al, 2020; Hamelin et al, 2017; Joanne et al, 2019; Lewinski et al, 2014; Kong et al, 2020; Schmälzle & Meshi, 2020) to on-line surveys that use subjective measures for message pretesting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caught in the Act: Detecting Respondent Deceit and Disinterest in On-Line Surveys. A Case Study Using Facial Expression Analysis

Hammond

Parvanta

Zemen

2022

Social Marketing Quarterly

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Much social marketing research is done on-line recruiting participants through Amazon Mechanical Turk, vetted panel vendors, social media, or community sources. When compensation is offered, care must be taken to distinguish genuine respondents from those with ulterior motives. We present a case study based on unanticipated empirical observations made while evaluating perceived effectiveness (PE) ratings of anti-tobacco public service announcements (PSAs) using facial expression (FE) analysis (pretesting).This study alerts social marketers to the risk and impact of disinterest or fraud in compensated on-line surveys. We introduce FE analysis to detect and remove bad data, improving the rigor and validity of on-line data collection. We also compare community (free) and vetted panel (fee added) recruitment in terms of usable samples. Methods: We recruited respondents through (Community) sources and through a well-known (Panel) vendor. Respondents completed a one-time, random block design Qualtrics® survey that collected PE ratings and recorded FE in response to PSAs. We used the AFFDEX ® feature of iMotions ® to calculate respondent attention and expressions; we also visually inspected respondent video records. Based on this quan/qual analysis, we divided 501 respondents (1503 observations) into three groups: (1) Those demonstrably watching PSAs before rating them (Valid), (2) those who were inattentive but completed the rating tasks (Disinterested), and (3) those employing various techniques to game the system (Deceitful). We used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of attention (head positioning), engagement (all facial expressions), and specific facial expressions (FE) to test the likelihood a respondent fell into one of the three behavior groups. Results: PE ratings: The Community pool ( N = 92) was infiltrated by Deceitful actors (58%), but the remaining 42% was “attentive” (i.e., no disinterest). The Panel pool ( N = 409) included 11% deceitful and 2% disinterested respondents. Over half of the PSAs change rank order when deceitful responses are included in the Community sample. The smaller proportion of Deceitful and Disinterested (D&D) respondents in the Panel affected 2 (out of 12) videos. In both samples, the effect was to lower the PE ranking of more diverse and “locally made” PSAs. D&D responses clustered tightly to the mean values, believed to be an artefact of “professional” test taking behavior. FE analysis: The combined Valid sample was more attentive (87.2% of the time) compared to Disinterested (51%) or Deceitful (41%) (ANOVA F = 195.6, p < .001). Models using “engagement” and specific FEs (“cheek raise and smirk”) distinguished Valid from D&D responses. Recommendations: False PE pretesting scores waste social marketing budgets and could have disastrous results. Risk can be reduced by using vetted panels with a trade-off that community sources may produce more authentically interested respondents. Ways to make surveys more tamper-evident, with and without webcam recording, are provided as well as procedures to clean data. Check data before compensating respondents! Limitations: This was an accidental finding in a parent study. The study required computers which potentially biased the pool of survey respondents. The community pool is smaller than the panel group, limiting statistical power.

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Poverty, A Risk Factor Overlooked: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study Comparing Poverty Rate and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in the State of Florida

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

Is area-level socioeconomic deprivation associated with mortality due to circulatory system diseases in Poland?

Is area-level socioeconomic deprivation associated with mortality due to circulatory system diseases in Poland?

Is area-level socioeconomic deprivation associated with mortality due to circulatory system diseases in Poland?

Caught in the Act: Detecting Respondent Deceit and Disinterest in On-Line Surveys. A Case Study Using Facial Expression Analysis

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