Powder Coating

Koleske, Joseph V.

doi:10.1520/mnl12259m

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…To investigate the effect of the shearing rate, the nanomorphological evolution of the SMDPPEH:PCBM solution with a 50%:50% blending ratio was examined under three shear rates (after time rescaling), namely, low (4.2 × 10 7 /s), intermediate (4.2 × 10 8 /s), and high (4.2 × 10 9 /s), along with a blend without shear forces applied (zero shear), namely, the 50%:50% blend displayed in Figure b,e. The typical shearing rates in the blade-coating processes range between 10 3 /s and 10 6 /s; hence, the shearing rate in the present study was slightly on the high side relative to experiments. Here, we assume that the amount of solvent evaporation during the shearing process is negligible because (1) the duration of the shearing process is much shorter than that of the subsequent solution equilibration process and (2) during the shearing process, the upper surface (which the solvent molecules evaporate from) is covered by the blade or slot, thereby blocking solvent evaporation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Multiscale Molecular Simulation of Solution Processing of SMDPPEH: PCBM Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells

Lee

Pao

2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Solution-processed small-molecule organic solar cells are a promising renewable energy source because of their low production cost, mechanical flexibility, and light weight relative to their pure inorganic counterparts. In this work, we developed a coarse-grained (CG) Gay-Berne ellipsoid molecular simulation model based on atomistic trajectories from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of smaller system sizes to systematically study the nanomorphology of the SMDPPEH/PCBM/solvent ternary blend during solution processing, including the blade-coating process by applying external shear to the solution. With the significantly reduced overall system degrees of freedom and computational acceleration from GPU, we were able to go well beyond the limitation of conventional all-atom molecular simulations with a system size on the order of hundreds of nanometers with mesoscale molecular detail. Our simulations indicate that, similar to polymer solar cells, the optimal blending ratio in small-molecule organic solar cells must provide the highest specific interfacial area for efficient exciton dissociation, while retaining balanced hole/electron transport pathway percolation. We also reveal that blade-coating processes have a significant impact on nanomorphology. For given donor/acceptor blending ratios, applying an external shear force can effectively promote donor/acceptor phase segregation and stacking in the SMDPPEH domains. The present study demonstrated the capability of an ellipsoid-based coarse-grained model for studying the nanomorphology evolution of small-molecule organic solar cells during solution processing/blade-coating and provided links between fabrication protocols and device nanomorphologies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Multiscale Molecular Simulation of Solution Processing of SMDPPEH: PCBM Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells

Lee

Pao

2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…There was no adherence of the paint to the bare Al surface upon removal of the tape. The paint was classified as 1A according to ASTM method D3359 test method A . The pencil hardness was F.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the cross-linking density of the polyester−melamine polymer increased after the sample had been subjected to an infinity curing. Painted panels that were soaked in a 3% NaCl solution for 66 days showed a uniform paint removal along the scribe of approximately 1 mm, which was evaluated as 4A by ASTM method D3359 test method A . No blisters on or discoloration of the paint was visible after the painted panels had been soaked in the salt solution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon removal from the salt solution, the panels were dried, and tape (Duck corporation) was firmly pressed against the scribed area and pulled to remove. After exposure to the saltwater, the painted panels were evaluated using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method D3359 A …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pencil hardness of the painted Al panels was measured using ASTM method D3363 . The pencil lead was sanded flat with sand paper.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous Acid Catalysis and in Situ Phosphatization Using a Polyester−Melamine Paint: A Surface Phosphatization Study

Whitten¹,

Burke²,

Neuder³

et al. 2003

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Six different phosphorus-containing reagents were used as self-phosphating agents and acid catalysts in the formulation of a polyester-melamine coating. The phosphorus compounds chosen for the study were Cycat 4040 (4040), Cycat 296-9 (296), Albright & Wilson PA-75 (PA-75), phosphonosuccinic acid (PPSA), and two in situ phosphatizing reagents (ISPR-1 and ISPR-2, phenylphosphonic acid and fosfosal, respectively). Each individual phosphorus-containing compound was evaluated separately using a varying percentage of agent in the paint formulation. The different paints made using the different modifiers were applied to bare 3003 or 3105 aluminum panels. After the individual phosphorus-containing reagents were optimized, the optimized additives were compared to each other utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), saltwater immersion, and pencil hardness tests. The most commonly used acid catalyst (4040) did not perform as well as the other acid catalysts. Using 1% phenylphosphonic acid as the acid catalyst and self-phosphating agent in a polyester-melamine coating produced the best protective barrier for the Al substrate of the coatings studied here. Using different acid catalysts in a polyester-melamine paint can dramatically alter the performance of the coating.

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Dual-Curable Epoxy-Amine Thermosets: Influence of Stoichiometry and Ratio between Hardeners on Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties

Dlugaj,

Arrabiyeh,

Eckrich

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Sequential dual-curable thermosets based on offstoichiometric and stoichiometric amine−epoxy formulations have been developed, employing different reactivities of two curing agents in terms of temperature. The first curing step is triggered by a self-limiting polycondensation between epoxy and amine groups of a reactive hardener m-xylylenediamine (MXDA) at lower temperatures, and the second one by a reaction of remaining unreacted epoxy groups with amine groups of a latent curing agent dicyanodiamine (DICY) at higher temperatures, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of reactive dual-curing systems reveals two distinct curing peaks. A reduction of their maxima was achieved by adding AJICURE MY-24 as an accelerator to lower the curing temperature. DSC, rheology, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated that a wide range of properties, such as gel time of reactive samples, glass transition, and network density of intermediate and final materials, can be tuned by the proper choice of the ratio between both hardeners. The gel time increases, up to 9 h at room temperature, with increasing DICY fraction. The intermediate materials vary from highly viscous through flexible to rigid with increasing MXDA fraction. However, it was also observed that the stoichiometry of the whole formulations does not influence the shape and glass transition of partially cured samples. Furthermore, the glass transitions of final stoichiometric systems are much higher than those of offstoichiometric ones. The glass transition temperature of stoichiometric systems, determined by DMA, varied from 91.3 to 100.2 °C. All in all, this study presents a strategy to create stoichiometric dual-curing epoxy resin systems, which opens further possibilities to combine other reactive and latent curing agents in order to obtain the desired properties of partially and fully cured materials.

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Powder Coating

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Multiscale Molecular Simulation of Solution Processing of SMDPPEH: PCBM Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells

Multiscale Molecular Simulation of Solution Processing of SMDPPEH: PCBM Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells

Simultaneous Acid Catalysis and in Situ Phosphatization Using a Polyester−Melamine Paint: A Surface Phosphatization Study

Dual-Curable Epoxy-Amine Thermosets: Influence of Stoichiometry and Ratio between Hardeners on Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties

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