Powdered Green Tea (Matcha) Attenuates the Cognitive Dysfunction via the Regulation of Systemic Inflammation in Chronic PM2.5-Exposed BALB/c Mice

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-amnesic effect of the aqueous extract of powdered green tea (matcha) (EM) in particulate matter (PM)2.5-induced systemic inflammation in BALB/c mice. EM ameliorated spatial learning and memory function, short-term memory function, and long-term learning and memory function in PM2.5-induced mice. EM protected against antioxidant deficit in pulmonary, dermal, and cerebral tissues. In addition, EM improved the cholinergic system through the regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain tissue, and it protected mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP contents in brain tissue. EM attenuated systemic inflammation and apoptotic signaling in pulmonary, dermal, olfactory bulb, and hippocampal tissues. Moreover, EM suppressed neuronal cytotoxicity and cholinergic dysfunction in hippocampal tissue. This study suggests that EM might be a potential substance to improve PM2.5-induced cognitive dysfunction via the regulation of systemic inflammation.

Hesperidin Exhibits Protective Effects against PM2.5-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Cellular Senescence in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes

“…PM 2.5 induces mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in cellular oxidative stress and cellular energy supply inhibition [ 21 ]. In addition, oxidative stress causes DNA damage and arrests the cell cycle in the G 0 /G 1 phase [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Korean Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) Bark Extract Attenuates Aβ-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Regulating Cholinergic Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation

“…The mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 × g , for 15 min at 4°C. The pellet was mixed with MI buffer, and mitochondrial function was evaluated using the mixture [ 28 ].…”

Leaves of Cedrela sinensis Attenuate Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression-like Behavior via Regulation of Hormonal and Inflammatory Imbalance

“…To assess the amount of ROS in mitochondria, KCl-based respiration buffer (125 mM potassium chloride, 2 mM potassium phosphate monobasic, 2.5 mM malate, 20 mM HEPES, 1 mM magnesium chloride, 5 mM pyruvate, and 500 μM EGTA, pH 7.0) was mixed with DCF-DA for 20 min. This reaction solution was measured at excitation wave 485 nm and emission wave 535 nm using a microplate reader (Epoch2, BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA) [ 33 ].…”

“…To investigate the MMP, the mitochondrial extract was mixed with MI buffer containing 5 mM pyruvate and 5 mM malate, and then 1 μM JC-1 was reacted in the dark for 20 min. The reaction solution was measured at excitation wave 530 nm and emission wave 590 nm using a fluorescence photometer (Infinite F200, Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland) [ 33 ].…”