Power-arc model based adaptive arc length control of P-GMAW for Al–Mg alloy

Comparison of STP and TP Modes of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloys: Forming, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties

“…instability of the molten pool during deposition, where the molten pool tended to ov flow near the rear section of the process. As described in reference [7,21], the arc behav has an impact on the appearance of parts, indicating that the stability of the TP mode a during additive manufacturing is not as good as that of the STP mode arc. Consequent this caused a protrusion and resulted in a height difference within the same weld sea This issue became more pronounced with each additional layer, eventually leading to significant decrease in height on the right side of the structure.…”

“…This discrepancy was ascribed to the instability of the molten pool during deposition, where the molten pool tended to overflow near the rear section of the process. As described in reference [7,21], the arc behavior has an impact on the appearance of parts, indicating that the stability of the TP mode arc during additive manufacturing is not as good as that of the STP mode arc. Consequently, Metals 2024, 14, 549 7 of 13 this caused a protrusion and resulted in a height difference within the same weld seam.…”

“…In the process of the pulsed MIG welding of aluminum alloy, the welding wire begins to melt at the peak time of the current pulse. When the current pulse decreases from the peak time to the base time, one metal droplet with a diameter similar to that of the welding wire falls off from the front end of the welding wire and transfers to the molten pool to complete the droplet transfer [21]. The next current pulse will repeat the droplet transfer process of the previous one.…”

“…These voltages served as automatically derived labels to train the deep learning network. In order to obtain a stable arc length and droplet transfer, a mathematical power-arc model of P-GMAW was established through an experimental statistical method, which showed good feasibility in Al-Mg alloy welding [21]. A phased array ultrasonic method was developed by Liu [22] to characterize the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of wire and arc additively manufactured components by performing both beam focusing and steering.…”