Power loss is attenuated following a second bout of high-intensity eccentric contractions due to the repeated bout effect’s protection of rate of torque and velocity development

Hinks, Avery; Hess, Adam; Debenham, Mathew I.B.; Chen, Jackey; Mazara, Nicole; Inkol, Keaton A.; Cervone, Daniel T.; Spriet, Lawrence L.; Dalton, Brian H.; Power, Geoffrey A.

doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0641

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…These findings are also concordant with previous observations that protective adaptations to EIMD are associated with a greater relative recruitment of oxidative motor-units and subsequent preservation of high velocity performance (Hinks et al, 2021;Hortobagyi et al, 1996;Hyldahl et al, 2017). In the current study, however, these adaptations were absent in CG.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…That these observations were made following the use of an effective placebo intervention, double‐blind design, and reported alongside a reduction in swelling following B1 strengthens the case for a physiologically mediated effect of CG, with the combined α value from all three isokinetic interactions equating to P < 3.95 × 10 −8 . These findings are also concordant with previous observations that protective adaptations to EIMD are associated with a greater relative recruitment of oxidative motor‐units and subsequent preservation of high velocity performance (Hinks et al., 2021 ; Hortobagyi et al., 1996 ; Hyldahl et al., 2017 ). In the current study, however, these adaptations were absent in CG.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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The effect of medical grade compression garments on the repeated‐bout effect in non‐resistance‐trained men

Brown,

Hill,

Renshaw

et al. 2023

Experimental Physiology

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New Findings What is the central question of this study? What are the effects of compression garments on recovery from unaccustomed damaging exercise and subsequent protective adaptations? What is the main finding and its importance? Compression did not influence recovery, but was associated with blunted protective adaptations for isokinetic performance, which were completely absent at high velocities. Based on these findings, the use of compression garments for recovery would not be recommended following unaccustomed exercise, particularly if the maintenance of high‐velocity performance following exercise‐induced muscle damage is desirable. AbstractWhilst compression garments (CG) may enhance recovery from exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD), many recovery strategies can attenuate adaptative responses. Therefore, the effects of CG on recovery from EIMD, and the rapid protective adaptations known as the repeated bout effect (RBE) were investigated. Thirty‐four non‐resistance‐trained males (18–45 years) randomly received class II medical‐grade CG or placebo for 72 h following eccentrically‐focused lower‐body exercise, in a double‐blind, randomised controlled trial. Indices of EIMD were assessed at baseline, 0, 24, 48 and 72 h post‐exercise, before exercise and testing were repeated after 14 days. Results were analysed using a three‐way (time × condition × bout) linear mixed‐effects model. Exercise impaired isometric and isokinetic strength, with soreness and thigh circumference elevated for 72 h (P < 0.001). Compression did not enhance recovery (P > 0.05), despite small to moderate effect sizes (ES, reported alongside 90% confidence intervals) for isokinetic strength (ES from 0.2 [−0.41, 0.82] to 0.65 [0.03, 1.28]). All variables recovered faster after the repeated bout (P < 0.005). However, RBE for peak isokinetic force was impaired in CG at 60° s−1 (group × bout interaction: χ2 = 4.24, P = 0.0395; ES = −0.56 [−1.18, 0.07]) and completely absent at 120° s−1 (χ2 = 16.2, P < 0.001, ES = −0.96 [−1.61, −0.32]) and 180° s−1 (χ2 = 10.4, P = 0.001, ES = −0.72 [−1.35, −0.09]). Compression blunted RBE at higher isokinetic velocities without improving recovery in non‐resistance‐trained males, potentially contraindicating their use following unaccustomed exercise in this population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The effect of medical grade compression garments on the repeated‐bout effect in non‐resistance‐trained men

Brown,

Hill,

Renshaw

et al. 2023

Experimental Physiology

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“…By contrast, a bi-phasic response was observed for the ratio of 20/100 Hz force output in exercise-naïve individuals such that the ratio was reduced 1 day and 7 days after the first, but not the second bout of BFR exercise (Sieljacks et al, 2016). This observation coincided with reductions in markers of muscle damage, suggesting a repeated bout effect (Hinks et al, 2021;Sieljacks et al, 2016). An important caveat to these studies was that BFR exercise was performed to task failure, whereas comparisons were made to either volume matched free-flow exercise, wherein participants stopped at a submaximal number of repetitions done during BFR exercise (Wernbom et al, 2012) or a standardized 150 maximal eccentric muscle actions (Sieljacks et al, 2016).…”

Section: Highlightsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Cardiorespiratory fitness was not tracked in this study; however, similar MVC force outputs were observed at the first and last exercise intervention (786 ± 292 vs. 760 ± 260 N, P = 0.8), supporting limited changes in maximal strength. Second, the crossover design may have resulted in a repeated bout effect that could affect the interpretation of the data (Hinks et al., 2021 ; Sieljacks et al., 2016 ). However, the repeated bout effect is minimized after a third bout in individuals unaccustomed to exercise (Chen et al., 2009 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In total, all study visits took approximately 6–8 weeks to complete. The recruitment of only physically active individuals was done so as to have each exercise visit represent a weekly workout as well as to mitigate the contribution of muscle damage and the repeated bout effect, which are expected to be greater in individuals unaccustomed to exercise (Hinks et al., 2021 ; Sieljacks et al., 2016 ; Snieckus et al., 2013 ). An overview of each visit and the measurements obtained within each is presented in Figure 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The addition of blood flow restriction during resistance exercise does not increase prolonged low‐frequency force depression

Pignanelli,

Robertson,

Hirsch

et al. 2024

Experimental Physiology

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At a given exercise intensity, blood flow restriction (BFR) reduces the volume of exercise required to impair post‐exercise neuromuscular function. Compared to traditional exercise, the time course of recovery is less clear. After strenuous exercise, force output assessed with electrical muscle stimulation is impaired to a greater extent at low versus high stimulation frequencies, a condition known as prolonged low‐frequency force depression (PLFFD). It is unclear if BFR increases PLFFD after exercise. This study tested if BFR during exercise increases PLFFD and slows recovery of neuromuscular function compared to regular exercise. Fifteen physically active participants performed six low‐load sets of knee‐extensions across four conditions: resistance exercise to task failure (RETF), resistance exercise to task failure with BFR applied continuously (BFRCONT) or intermittently (BFRINT), and resistance exercise matched to the lowest exercise volume condition (REVM). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force output, voluntary activation and a force–frequency (1–100 Hz) curve were measured before and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 h after exercise. Exercise to task failure caused similar reductions at 0 h for voluntary activation (RETF = 81.0 ± 14.2%, BFRINT = 80.9 ± 12.4% and BFRCONT = 78.6 ± 10.7%) and MVC force output (RETF = 482 ± 168 N, BFRINT = 432 ± 174 N, and BFRCONT = 443 ± 196 N), which recovered to baseline values between 4 and 24 h. PLFFD occurred only after RETF at 1 h supported by a higher frequency to evoke 50% of the force production at 100 Hz (1 h: 17.5 ± 4.4 vs. baseline: 15 ± 4.1 Hz, P = 0.0023), BFRINT (15.5 ± 4.0 Hz; P = 0.03), and REVM (14.9 ± 3.1 Hz; P = 0.002), with a trend versus BFRCONT (15.7 ± 3.5 Hz; P = 0.063). These findings indicate that, in physically active individuals, using BFR during exercise does not impair the recovery of neuromuscular function by 24 h post‐exercise.

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Differential effects of stimulation frequency on isometric and concentric isotonic contractile function in human quadriceps

Zero,

Paris,

Rice

2024

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Electrically evoked contractions are used to assess the relationship between frequency input and contractile output to characterize inherent muscle function, and these have been done mostly with isometric contractions (i.e., no joint rotation). The purpose was to compare the electrically stimulated frequency and contractile function relationship during isometric (i.e., torque) with isotonic (i.e., concentric torque, angular velocity, and mechanical power) contractions. The knee extensors of 16 (5 female) young recreationally active participants were stimulated (~1-2.5s) at 14 frequencies from 1-100 Hz. This was done during four conditions, repeated on separate days, which were: isometric; and isotonic at loads of 0, 7.5 and 15% isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Comparisons across contractile parameters were made as a % of 100 Hz. Independent of the load, the mechanical power-frequency relationship was rightward shifted compared with isometric torque-, concentric torque- and velocity-frequency relationships (all p≤0.04). With increasing load (0-15% MVC) the isotonic concentric torque-frequency relationship was shifted leftward systematically from 15-30 Hz (all p≤0.04). Conversely, the same changes in load caused a rightward shift in the velocity-frequency relationship from 1-40 Hz (all p≤0.03). Velocity was leftward shifted of concentric torque in the unloaded isotonic condition from 10-25 Hz (all p≤0.03), but concentric torque was leftward shifted of velocity at 15% MVC isotonic condition from 10-50 Hz (all p≤0.03). Therefore, isometric torque is not a surrogate to evaluate dynamic contractile function. Interpretations of evoked contractile function differ depending on contraction type, load, and frequency which should be considered relative to the specific task.

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Power loss is attenuated following a second bout of high-intensity eccentric contractions due to the repeated bout effect’s protection of rate of torque and velocity development

Cited by 6 publications

References 42 publications

The effect of medical grade compression garments on the repeated‐bout effect in non‐resistance‐trained men

The effect of medical grade compression garments on the repeated‐bout effect in non‐resistance‐trained men

The addition of blood flow restriction during resistance exercise does not increase prolonged low‐frequency force depression

Differential effects of stimulation frequency on isometric and concentric isotonic contractile function in human quadriceps

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