Power management strategy based on game theory for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles

Optimal team communication structures in microgrids

“…The source voltages fixed at 1.05 pu. The individual load player minimization objective was chosen as in (8). This means the converter wants to regulate its input power while maximizing its terminal voltage.…”

“…Further, a change of a load or source will influence the real time system parameters of the system given the low inertia of generation. Micro-grids [1]- [3], Naval ship electric power systems (NSEPS) [4], spacecraft systems [5], [6], telecommunication power systems [7], and automotive power systems [8], [9] are typical examples of SSPS. Higher reliability, controllability, ease distributed generation and penetration of renewable generations [1], [10], [11] are all reasons SSPS are becoming an attractive alternative to the more traditional large-scale utility grid.…”

Optimal Power Control of Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems for an Accelerated System Warm-Up

“…Hence, it is assumed that the enthalpy of the gas mixture can be evaluated as the sum of the enthalpies of the components (5) These follow from the respective mass flow rates and the temperature difference between cathode inlet and cathode outlet. The contribution of the coolant to the energy balance of the power section follows from the difference of the enthalpy flow rates between power section inlet (cooling system outlet) and power section outlet (6) The calculation of the coolant temperature at the power section outlet , is based on a quasistatic convective heat transfer model for a fully developed, laminar flow in a tube of rectangular cross section and uniform wall temperature. The expression for this temperature is given as (7) The remaining terms in (1) describe the heat flows.…”

“…6 Therefore, a model of reduced complexity is proposed. This reduced-order model results from the following simplifications:…”

“…The importance of a well-designed power control strategy has been discussed in many publications, and the technical literature contains a variety of algorithms for the supervisory power management (see, for example, [1]- [6]). But all of these algorithms exclude the warm-up issues and, thus, are valid for stationary temperature conditions only.…”