Power supply for electronic contact lenses: Abiotic glucose fuel cells vs. Mg/air batteries

Frei, Maxi; Martin, Julian; Kindler, Steffen; Cristiano, Giorgio; Zengerle, Roland; Kerzenmacher, Sven

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.08.101

Cited by 42 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The MAFC was modified for electrocoagulation purpose to remove phosphorous from the synthetic wastewater and recover struvite although the system still requires long‐term experiments with stacked cells design before it can be used in actual applications 123 . In addition to application in wastewater treatment, MAFC technology showed feasible potential in medical application, in which it can be a power supply for electronic contact lens of medical sensors, where the electrodes are embedded in a hydrogel material typically used to fabricate commercial soft contact lenses 124 . Owing to the simple working principal and convenience in storage and usage, MAFC can be a promising candidate for wider applications, including portable devices, remote devices, marine application, military technologies, and transportation sector.…”

Section: Application Of Mafcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical review on development of magnesium alloy as anode inMg‐Airfuel cell and additives in electrolyte

et al. 2021

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Summary This study aimed to provide a critical review of the magnesium‐air fuel cell (MAFC) system to provide readers with an overall comprehension of MAFC, which focuses on the modification of the magnesium anode and properties of saltwater as an electrolyte. Although MAFC is benign to the environment, it is well‐known for its challenging corrosion issue and by‐product deposition that affect its durability for commercialization and long‐term application. Since that MAFC is able to use seawater as electrolyte, it has great potential to be used as an alternative energy option for the marine sector. This journal will dissect the ability of MAFC to be used as a competitive alternative energy. Over the years, researchers have adopted several approaches, such as experimenting with different types of magnesium alloy and anode fabrication techniques, to tackle corrosion problems to alter the microstructure and mechanical properties of the anode in addition to applying a coating protection and using Mg‐based composite material. Furthermore, studies intriguingly and gradually focused on electrolyte formulation with different types of additives to address the debilitating precipitation issue and improve the discharge performance. Given the problems that arise in the system, currently, MAFC commercial products are only suitable as emergency back‐up power. In future work, an improved storage system for MAFC should be built to accommodate the precipitation products while maintaining the desired cell performance.

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Section: Application Of Mafcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical review on development of magnesium alloy as anode inMg‐Airfuel cell and additives in electrolyte

et al. 2021

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“…al demonstrated biochemical energy harvesting from metabolites in tear fluid, as shown in fig. 6c ii [93]. In their design, the glucose fuel cell could only generate around 2.4µW/cm 2 at a cell voltage of 0.56 V. In comparison to RF and solar energy harvesting, biochemicals in tear fluid yield much lower power densities, as shown in Table III.…”

Section: Rf Energy 110µwmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-Art in Smart Contact Lenses for Human Machine Interaction

Xia¹,

Khamis²,

Fernández³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Contact lenses have traditionally been used for vision correction applications. Recent advances in microelectronics and nanofabrication on flexible substrates have now enabled sensors, circuits and other essential components to be integrated on a small contact lens platform. This has opened up the possibility of using contact lenses for a range of human-machine interaction applications including vision assistance, eye tracking, displays and health care. In this article, we systematically review the range of smart contact lens materials, device architectures and components that facilitate this interaction for different applications. In fact, evidence from our systematic review demonstrates that these lenses can be used to display information, detect eye movements, restore vision and detect certain biomarkers in tear fluid. Consequently, whereas previous state-of the-art reviews in contact lenses focused exclusively on biosensing, our systematic review covers a wider range of smart contact lens applications in HMI. Moreover, we present a new method of classifying the literature on smart contact lenses according to their six constituent building blocks, which are the sensing, energy management, driver electronics, communications, substrate and the I/O interfacing modules. Based on recent developments in each of these categories, we speculate the challenges and opportunities of smart contact lenses for human-machine interaction. Moreover, we propose a novel self-powered smart contact lens concept with integrated energy harvesters, sensors and communication modules to enable autonomous operation. Our review is therefore a critical evaluation of current data and is presented with the aim of guiding researchers to new research directions in smart contact lenses.

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“…Fuels such as methanol and ethanol have been studied for various purposes, but glucose has not. Recently, glucose has been investigated for various medical applications, considering its convenience, economic feasibility, biocompatibility, and eco‐friendliness compared to batteries [2–6] . Glucose is a nontoxic, nonflammable, and endogenous compound in body fluids with good biocompatibility [7,8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow Channel Architecture and Diffusion Characteristics of Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Fuel Cells with Proton Exchange Membrane

et al. 2022

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A nonenzymatic glucose fuel cell directly oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid as a Pt‐based abiotic catalyst in a proton exchange membrane environment and has various advantages (e. g., biocompatibility, chemical stability, high ionic conductivity). We report the permeability of a less hydrophobic diffusion layer for three flow‐field designs (serpentine, interdigitated, and parallel). In all cases, as the channel width of the flow path increases, the power density increases and the Ohmic resistance decreases. The serpentine shape (channel and rib widths: 1.5 and 0.5 mm, respectively) exhibits remarkable maximum power and current densities (cell voltage: 60 mV) of 103.4 μW cm−2 and 1,273 μA cm−2 compared to those of the parallel (46.5 μW cm−2 at 683 μA cm−2) and interdigitated (74.0 μW cm−2 at 878 μA cm−2) shapes, respectively. Furthermore, permeability and performance analyses according to the single‐cell temperature, glucose concentration, and flow rate changes provide various perspectives on glucose fuel cells.

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Power supply for electronic contact lenses: Abiotic glucose fuel cells vs. Mg/air batteries

Cited by 42 publications

References 59 publications

Critical review on development of magnesium alloy as anode inMg‐Airfuel cell and additives in electrolyte

Critical review on development of magnesium alloy as anode inMg‐Airfuel cell and additives in electrolyte

State-of-the-Art in Smart Contact Lenses for Human Machine Interaction

Flow Channel Architecture and Diffusion Characteristics of Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Fuel Cells with Proton Exchange Membrane

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