“…The original branch model with grounding resistances is shown in Figure 1 [3,6,15,16], where S is load (VA); R G is grounding resistance (Ω); V is voltage (V); I is current (A); z is the impedance in the branch model (Ω); i and j are any node in the LVDS; and {A, B, C, N, G} is the set of phases in the branch model. From Figure 1, the branch equation can be written in two forms, as shown in Equations ( 1) and (2), in which direction is different, where z pq ij = z pq ji following [3,6,15,16]; p, q ∈ {A, B, C, N, G}. The calculations of grounding resistance and branch impedances and the branch model simplified by using Kron's reduction are described in Sections 2.1-2.3, respectively.…”