Power Units for Transportation

Abstract

This chapter reviews the environmentally relevant physical-chemical properties, partitioning and reactivity properties of a selection of organobromine and organoiodine compounds. Substitution of hydrogens with bromine or iodine is shown to cause significant changes in vapor pressure, solubility in water, and hydrophobicity (octanol-water partition coefficient). These property changes are similar to those caused by Substitution of hydrogen with chlorine, although there are quantitative differences attributable to the size and mass of the halogen atoms and to the effects on the strength of intermolecular interactions. The environmental implications of these changes are illustrated using simple multimedia partitioning models for volatile brominated and iodinated compounds, brominated flame retardants, and an iodinated X-ray contrast agent. The organobromine and organoiodine compounds are predicted to be less mobile in the environment than their organochlorine counterparts due to their generally higher reactivity and hydrophobicity, and lower volatility and solubility in water.

Direct effects of dominant winds on residence and travel times in the wide and open lacustrine embayment: Vidy Bay (Lake Geneva, Switzerland)

“…1a, or 3.7 km from the WTP outfall). Conventional wastewater treatment often consists of several phases: primary treatment (sedimentation), secondary treatment (biological) and at times a tertiary treatment (physico-chemical) to remove phosphorus and nitrate (Daughton and Ternes 1999). Numerous studies have shown that many micropollutants are often not eliminated by conventional WTPs (Daughton and Ternes 1999) and recent investigations at the Vidy WTP confirm that its effluent contains low concentrations of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals (Margot et al 2013).…”