Powerful or Just Plain Power-Full? A Power Analysis of Impact and Benefit Agreements in Canada’s North

Caine, Ken J.; Krogman, Naomi

doi:10.1177/1086026609358969

Cited by 114 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Yet as private contacts, IBAs are not subject to the same requirements for transparency and democratic participation as EAs, which are regulated by provincial or federal environmental assessment legislation. At least one commentator has suggested that the confidentiality clauses might hurt Indigenous groups since Indigenous governments and communities have less power in negotiations than large corporations (Caine and Krogman, 2010). Confidentiality clauses are primarily included to protect financial information; however, they make it difficult to monitor the socioeconomic and environmental provisions that are also in IBAs (Fidler, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relationship between EAs and IBAs, however, is not well defined in the literature and is often case-specific. While some scholars have applauded IBAs as a mechanism to address weaknesses in the EA processes (Galbraith et al, 2007;O'Faircheallaigh, 2007;Noble and Fidler, 2011), others have problematized the use of IBAs as a regulatory mechanism arguing that IBA negotiations can lessen the effectiveness of EA processes and that power differences constrain the ability of communities to ensure that companies follow through on their IBA commitments (Fidler and Hitch, 2007;Caine and Krogman, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gendering Environmental Assessment: Women’s Participation and Employment Outcomes at Voisey’s Bay

Cox¹,

Mills²

2015

ARCTIC

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ABSTRACT. This paper examines the effect of Inuit and Innu women's participation in environmental assessment (EA) processes on EA recommendations, impact benefit agreement (IBA) negotiations, and women's employment experiences at Voisey's Bay Mine, Labrador. The literature on Indigenous participation in EAs has been critiqued for being overly process oriented and for neglecting to examine how power influences EA decision making. In this regard, two issues have emerged as critical to participation in EAs: how EA processes are influenced by other institutions that may help or hinder participation and whether EAs enable marginalized groups within Indigenous communities to influence development outcomes. To address these issues we examine the case of the Voisey's Bay Nickel Mine in Labrador, in which Indigenous women's groups made several collective submissions pertaining to employment throughout the EA process. We compare the submissions that Inuit and Innu women's groups made to the EA panel in the late 1990s to the final EA recommendations and then compare these recommendations to employment-related provisions in the IBA. Finally we compare IBA provisions to workers' perceptions of gender relations at the mine in 2010. Semi-structured interviews revealed that, notwithstanding the recommendations by women's groups concerning employment throughout the EA process, women working at the site experienced gendered employment barriers similar to those experienced by women in mining elsewhere. We suggest that the ineffective translation of EA submissions into EA regulations and the IBA, coupled with persistent masculinity within the mining industry, weakened the effect of women's requests for a comprehensive program to hire and train Indigenous women.Key words: EA; IBA; impact benefit agreement; resource development; women; Aboriginal; environmental assessment; employment RÉSUMÉ. Dans cet article, nous nous penchons sur la participation des femmes inuites et innues aux processus d'évaluations environnementales (EE) et sur l'effet de cette participation sur les recommandations des EE, les négociations relatives à l'entente sur les répercussions et les avantages (ERA) et les expériences de travail à la mine de la baie Voisey, au Labrador. La documentation portant sur la participation indigène aux EE fait l'objet de critiques, en ce sens qu'elle accorderait trop d'importance aux processus et pas suffisamment à l'examen de la manière dont le pouvoir influence les décisions prises dans le cadre des EE. Dans cette optique, deux questions critiques se posent par rapport à la participation aux EE : la manière dont les processus des EE sont influencés par d'autres institutions susceptibles de favoriser la participation ou de lui nuire, et à savoir si les EE permettent aux groupes marginalisés à l'intérieur des communautés indigènes d'influencer les résultats des projets d'exploitation. Pour approfondir ces questions, nous avons examiné le cas de la mine d'exploitation du nickel de la baie Voisey au Labrador, pour lequel des groupe...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendering Environmental Assessment: Women’s Participation and Employment Outcomes at Voisey’s Bay

Cox¹,

Mills²

2015

ARCTIC

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“…18 IBAs in Canada are mostly "privately negotiated agreements" typically formed between Indigenous communities and extractive companies. 19 They may be required in Land Claims Agreements between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian Government, 20 form part of the consultation process for extractive projects or be voluntarily negotiated. 21 It appears that IBAs in Canada are influenced by the prevailing Canadian consultation model 22 which, in its tendency to focus on consultation and attendant factors, is more akin to that of ILO Convention 169 than to a consent model following the FPIC principles enunciated in the UNDRIP.…”

Section: The Nature and Scope Of Contractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indigenous Peoples, International Law, and Extractive Industry Contracts

Odumosu-Ayanu

2015

AJIL Unbound

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The extractive industry has contributed to the development of international law since colonial times. Contracts between states and extractive companies largely drive this global industry. This essay situates extractive industry contracts involving Indigenous peoples, long term actors who have significantly informed the development of international law, within the context of international law. While these contracts are usually analyzed from domestic perspectives, they are impacted by international norms and, as developing transnational practices, even have the potential to show ways ahead in international law. As regards engagement with Indigenous peoples, contracts, which are typically regarded as private instruments, have significant public ramifications. This is especially the case where states, Indigenous peoples, and transnational corporations (TNCs) are involved and where internationally recognized principles relating to Indigenous rights, notably free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) are implicated.

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“…They are nonetheless optimistic that technical and institutional changes-land claims agreements and impact benefit agreements (IBAs)-can improve the outcome of mining ventures. However, recent examinations of IBAs and their implementation suggest they do not necessarily contribute to critical examination of the impacts of development or even to implementation of effective mitigation measures (Caine and Krogman 2010;Czyzewski et al in press). Harvey (1996) calls this faith in technical and institutional measures "ecological modernization."…”

Section: Legitimisation and Accumulation Functions Of The Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Wistful thinking: Making Inuit labour and the Nanisivik mine near Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), northern Baffin Island

2014

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Cet article scrute le discours sur les Inuit en ce qui concerne les questions d’emploi et leur réponse à «ce qui était bon pour eux» à l’intersection de la pensée coloniale et postcoloniale des années 1970. Les tentatives visant à intégrer les Inuit à une économie industrielle moderne ont eu lieu juste après que ceux-ci aient abandonné leur mode d’existence basé sur la chasse et le piégeage pour s’établir dans de nouvelles communautés en développement dans l’Arctique de l’Est. Nous examinons la phase de planification (1970-1976) de la mine Nanisivik à Strathcona Sound, sur la pointe nord de la Terre de Baffin. La mine a été en opération de 1976 à 2002. En nous appuyant sur les travaux de James O’Connor dans les années 1970 et sur les concepts de légitimation et de fonctions d’accumulation de l’État, tout en utilisant les documents d’archives du ministère des Affaires indiennes et du Développement du Nord, et celui de l’Énergie, des Mines et des Ressources, nous explorons de quelle manière les Inuit ont été définis comme des «travailleurs en besoin d’emploi». En examinant le débat entre les responsables de ces départements, nous cherchons à savoir dans quelle mesure d’autres besoins, basés sur l’expérience de la mine de nickel de Rankin Inlet (1957-1962), sont restés insatisfaits. La résistance des Inuit à être définis comme une main-d’oeuvre et la relation entre les Inuit en tant que chasseurs et employés salariés sont explorées en référence à l’exploitation minière contemporaine au Nunavut.This article interrogates discourse about Inuit in relation to employment issues and the Inuit response to “what was good for them” at the intersection of colonial and postcolonial thought in the 1970s. Attempts to integrate Inuit with a modern industrial economy occurred after Inuit had moved, or been moved, from land-based hunting and trapping camps to new settlements developing in the eastern Arctic. We examine the planning stage (1970-1976) of the Nanisivik mine at Strathcona Sound on the northern tip of Baffin Island that operated from 1976 until 2002. Building on the work of James O’Connor in the early 1970s and concepts of legitimisation and accumulation functions of the State, and using the archival records of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and the Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources, we explore the extent to which Inuit were constructed as “labour in need of employment.” In examining debate between officials of these departments, we seek to find out to what extent other needs went unmet, based on experience with the Rankin Inlet Nickel Mine (1957-1962). Inuit resistance to this definition and the relationship between Inuit as hunters and Inuit as wage earners are explored with reference to contemporary mining development in Nunavut

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Powerful or Just Plain Power-Full? A Power Analysis of Impact and Benefit Agreements in Canada’s North

Cited by 114 publications

References 46 publications

Gendering Environmental Assessment: Women’s Participation and Employment Outcomes at Voisey’s Bay

Gendering Environmental Assessment: Women’s Participation and Employment Outcomes at Voisey’s Bay

Indigenous Peoples, International Law, and Extractive Industry Contracts

Wistful thinking: Making Inuit labour and the Nanisivik mine near Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), northern Baffin Island

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