Powering low-power implants using PZT transducer discs operated in the radial mode

Sanni, Ayodele; Vilches, A.

doi:10.1088/0964-1726/22/11/115005

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Acoustic power transfer (APT), a non-EM WPT technique, is the leading competitor against NRIC and NRMRC in terms of PTE performance [191,192]. In the APT technique, energy is wirelessly propagated using ultrasound waves at carrier frequencies above 20 kHz without interfering with EM waves [193]. APT uses a pair of piezoelectric transducers to transfer energy in the form of ultrasound waves through tissue to an implanted device where it is converted to electric power.…”

Section: Link Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During start-up, the totem-pole configuration on the transistors creates an initial potential equal to the supply voltage across the TX via M1. The positive pulse from the microcontroller is responsible for turningM2 and M3 on while M1 is off supplies a low output to An alternative driving circuit for TX piezoelectric (Lead ZirconateTitanate -PZT) transducer is proposed in [193,202] using the 12F683 Microchip PIC microcontroller and 2N7000 NMOS transistors.…”

Section: System Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the negative pulse, the opposite operation transfers higher voltage to the TX. An alternative driving circuit for TX piezoelectric (Lead ZirconateTitanate -PZT) transducer is proposed in [193,202] using the 12F683 Microchip PIC microcontroller and 2N7000 NMOS transistors. The driver generates 200 kHz pulses with an input supply of 40 V, as shown in Figure 43.…”

Section: System Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review

Khan

Pavuluri

Cummins

et al. 2020

Sensors

220

109

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Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have become increasingly suitable solutions for the electrical powering of advanced multifunctional micro-electronic devices such as those found in current biomedical implants. The design and implementation of high power transfer efficiency WPT systems are, however, challenging. The size of the WPT system, the separation distance between the outside environment and location of the implanted medical device inside the body, the operating frequency and tissue safety due to power dissipation are key parameters to consider in the design of WPT systems. This article provides a systematic review of the wide range of WPT systems that have been investigated over the last two decades to improve overall system performance. The various strategies implemented to transfer wireless power in implantable medical devices (IMDs) were reviewed, which includes capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and, more recently, acoustic and optical powering methods. The strengths and limitations of all these techniques are benchmarked against each other and particular emphasis is placed on comparing the implanted receiver size, the WPT distance, power transfer efficiency and tissue safety presented by the resulting systems. Necessary improvements and trends of each WPT techniques are also indicated per specific IMD.

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Section: Link Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: System Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: System Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review

Khan

Pavuluri

Cummins

et al. 2020

Sensors

220

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, for generalization no clear instructions are available so far. There are several papers which have discussed challenges of the AET considering different applications [50,[107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125]. However, again, these works did not claim any clear and precise conclusion, especially, for the prolonged exposure of the devices.…”

Section: 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-Art Developments of Acoustic Energy Transfer

Awal

Jusoh

Sabapathy

et al. 2016

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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Acoustic energy transfer (AET) technology has drawn significant industrial attention recently. This paper presents the reviews of the existing AETs sequentially, preferably, from the early stage. From the review, it is evident that, among all the classes of wireless energy transfer, AET is the safest technology to adopt. Thus, it is highly recommended for sensitive area and devices, especially implantable devices. Though, the efficiency for relatively long distances (i.e., >30 mm) is less than that of inductive or capacitive power transfer; however, the trade-off between safety considerations and performances is highly suitable and better than others. From the presented statistics, it is evident that AET is capable of transmitting 1.068 kW and 5.4 W of energy through wall and in-body medium (implants), respectively. Progressively, the AET efficiency can reach up to 88% in extension to 8.6 m separation distance which is even superior to that of inductive and capacitive power transfer.

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“…Ultrasonic communication requires transducers to convert electrical signals into ultrasonic waves. Ultrasound transducers have previously been manufactured in different shapes such as discs [20], plates [21,22] and tubes [23] based on the application and operation mode. Disc and plate shapes provide directional beams and are thus efficient at the point to point transmission.…”

Section: Ultrasound Transductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Intra Body Multi Node Communication System for Bioelectronic Medicine

Jaafar

Luo

Firfilionis

et al. 2019

Sensors

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The coming years may see the advent of distributed implantable devices to support bioelectronic medicinal treatments. Communication between implantable components and between deep implants and the outside world can be challenging. Percutaneous wired connectivity is undesirable and both radiofrequency and optical methods are limited by tissue absorption and power safety limits. As such, there is a significant potential niche for ultrasound communications in this domain. In this paper, we present the design and testing of a reliable and efficient ultrasonic communication telemetry scheme using piezoelectric transducers that operate at 320 kHz frequency.A key challenge results from the multi-propagation path effect. Therefore, we present a method, using short pulse sequences with relaxation intervals. To counter an increasing bit, and thus packet, error rate with distance, we have incorporated an error correction encoding scheme. We then demonstrate how the communication scheme can scale to a network of implantable devices. We demonstrate that we can achieve an effective, error-free, data rate of 0.6 kbps, which is sufficient for low data rate bioelectronic medicine applications. Transmission can be achieved at an energy cost of 642 nJ per bit data packet using on/off power cycling in the electronics. achieve therapy. However, an important development is to progress from open-loop, pacemaker type, stimuli to closed-loop control methodologies which modify therapeutic stimuli according to need. Such systems will therefore also need sensors from perhaps downstream organs which can provide physiological information. Examples include blood oxygen and glucose levels, heart rate, chemical sensing, mechanical motion, and bioelectronic activity [7,8].Bioelectronic therapies would need to comprise an active implant (Active Implantable Medical Device or AIMD) which can gather information, perform processing and determine stimulus. As downstream organs are geographically separated by tens of centimeters, a possible architecture is for a central implant unit together with satellite units called bioelectronic nodes (BeNs) which provide sensing and perhaps stimulation. This configuration can be seen in Figure 1. Ideally, such bioelectronic nodes would be injected to their target locations rather than be surgically inserted. As such, the devices would need to be in the mm size range. Such devices would have small batteries and thus be limited in operation. i.e., duty cycles would be for a few milliseconds each hour or day. However, such operation is sufficient for bioelectronic therapies which only need to infrequently monitor physiological responses.

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Powering low-power implants using PZT transducer discs operated in the radial mode

Cited by 8 publications

References 69 publications

Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review

Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review

State-of-the-Art Developments of Acoustic Energy Transfer

Ultrasound Intra Body Multi Node Communication System for Bioelectronic Medicine

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