Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus

Saghazadeh, Amene; Rezaei, Nima

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109364

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 181 publications

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“…However, Cidofovir and Brincidofovir could also be efficacious against Mpox, but the scarcity of clinical trials is prohibiting the approval of these drugs for pox‐like infections in humans 5 . By highlighting the above remarks, this review can draw implications for developing specific immunotherapeutics 1 . Though the current outbreak of MPXV is declining, this line of research will be worthwhile given the evolvability of poxviruses to enhance human‐to‐human transmission and the possibility of re‐emerging outbreaks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 By highlighting the above remarks, this review can draw implications for developing specific immunotherapeutics. 1 Though the current outbreak of MPXV is declining, this line of research will be worthwhile given the evolvability of poxviruses to enhance human-to-human transmission and the possibility of re-emerging outbreaks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After about 80 years of its presence in endemic regions, the Mpox virus (MPXV) will be a cause of the outbreak in non‐endemic regions in 2022 1 . From May 2022, when the MPXV outbreak occurred, until 23 December 2022, when writing this piece, more than 83,000 cases have been reported to the CDC, with 72 deaths corresponding to the death rate of about 0.09% 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others and we have previously reviewed parallels between MPXV and other viruses belonging to the Poxviridae in affecting the immune system. 1,4,5,13 This article exclusively reviews studies providing direct evidence of the MPXV-immune interactions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Insights on Mpox virus infection immunopathogenesis

Saghazadeh

Rezaei

2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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An immunocompromised status has been associated with more odds of being infected with Mpox virus (MPXV) and progressing to severe disease. This aligns with the importance of immune competence for MPXV control and clearance. We and others have previously reviewed parallels between MPXV and other viruses belonging to the Poxviridae in affecting the immune system. This article reviews studies providing direct evidence of the MPXV-immune interactions. The wideranging effects of MPXV on the immune system, from stimulation to modulation to memory, are broadly categorised, followed by a detailing of these effects on the immune cells and molecules, including natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, cytokines, interferons, chemokines, and complement. K E Y W O R D Simmune system, Mpox virus, MPXV | INTRODUCTIONAfter about 80 years of its presence in endemic regions, the Mpox virus (MPXV) will be a cause of the outbreak in non-endemic regions in 2022. 1 From May 2022, when the MPXV outbreak occurred, until 23 December 2022, when writing this piece, more than 83,000 cases have been reported to the CDC, with 72 deaths corresponding to the death rate of about 0.09%. 2 However, since 1970 when MPXV first occurred in humans, the cumulative death rate has been calculated at about 11%. Also, mortality remains higher in Africa; according to the last weekly report of the World Health Organization (WHO), the case fatality rate (CFR) of MPXV was estimated at about 2% for the week of 29 August-4 September 2022, in multiple African countries. 3 Totally, high MPXV transmission, despite its globally low mortality rate in the 2022 outbreak, has warned researchers and practitioners that it is time for implementation, while they had just begun learning lessons on the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.As expected, 2022 has subsequently witnessed a surge in MPXV literature. Because it takes late for original research to be planned, conducted, and released, many efforts took place to review the current knowledge of MPX-related features in history, epidemiology, and clinical infection, as reviewed elsewhere. 4,5 They led to important messages. MPXV, previously isolated in endemic regions, is of two clades: clade I, Central African, also known as Congo Basin; clade II, West African, which, in turn, has two clades: IIa and IIb. Clade I is endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and South Sudan, with a fatality rate of about 11%. MPXV we today are experiencing is of the West African clade IIb. This clade is endemic in Nigeria and associated with a CFR of about 4%. However, compared to previous times, 2022 0 MPXV has been different in its presentation.Meta-analysis confirms this changing epidemiology that between

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights on Mpox virus infection immunopathogenesis

Saghazadeh

Rezaei

2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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“…Studies confirm that NK cells are infected with MPXV, are often associated with a Th1 response, NK-cell activation, IFN-γ production, and T-cell activation [18]. TGF-β1 suppresses the functions of Th1 and Th2, NK cells, and CD4+ effector cells, and promotes generation of Treg cells.…”

Section: In Combatting Monkeypox Infections Cd4 + T Cells Are Complex...mentioning

confidence: 93%

Monkeypox Disease with Predominant Genital Symptoms: A Nigerian Case Report

Owhonda¹,

Wali

Nwadiuto³

et al. 2023

ACRI

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Mpox presents typically with macular papular body rashes with similar-looking sores in genital or oral areas. It may be missed, or wrongly managed as sexually transmitted infections (STI), especially in settings where symptom-based treatment practices are sufficient for care. We describe a 40-year-old cisgender male, heterosexual Nigerian who developed some rash in the genital region associated with penile swelling. It was suspected to be syphilis and managed with presumptive antibiotics. Laboratory investigation (PCR) confirmed that it was a Mpox disease, and VDRLT was negative. Notably, in this case, the early symptoms were a paradigm case of Mpox disease presenting as an STI, which syndromically conformed more to an STI than the case definition for a suspected case of Mpox in our setting. Consequently, the expected early containment activities were delayed. This increased the potential of further disease spread. An Update of the standard case definition as well as a reclassification of the disease as a possible STI is recommended for enhanced surveillance, increased case detection, and reduction in the burden of unrecognized cases.

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