“…Major recent advances in high frequency electronics, and receiver and transmit system integration have now reached a price-point where it is commercially viable to exploit a large part of this spectrum for consumer applications, such as the increased information transfer envisaged for next generation mobile telephone communications 46 , or the new capability provided by single-chip radar for imaging or diagnostic systems, e.g. for security systems, gesture recognition, materials identification, car radar, robotic applications and autonomous vehicles 47,48 . A key challenge for the realization of this roadmap is the development of low cost, low weight, reflect, or transmit antennas that can be scaled to large areas to provide directional, high quality beams.…”