Practical Evaluation of Droop and Consensus Control of Distributed Electric Springs for Both Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

Chen, Jie; Yan, Shijie; Tan, Siew‐Chong; Hui, S. Y. Ron

doi:10.1109/tpel.2018.2874495

Cited by 40 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The time delay and coupling strength between neighboring agents need careful consideration to ensure stability and satisfactory convergence rate, especially when the number of agents increases. Recently, the droop control and consensus control are practically implemented in real-time in a distributed ES system [56]. When the cyber layer is in normal condition, consensus control takes actions for the distributed ES to provide voltage and frequency stability.…”

Section: ) Droop Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both simulation and experimental results are presented to illustrate the monitoring, charging/discharging management, and output power control. In [56], consensus control with a circular communication link at the cyber layer is used for a cluster of ESs to provide local voltage and system frequency regulations in a microgrid. Droop control (without communication) and consensus control (with the communication) are shown to be complementary.…”

Section: Frequency Control In Isolated Microgridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the use of distributed ESFig.31Frequency of a microgrid after a 20% load change (a) without and (b) with the use of distributed ES[56] …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electric Spring and Smart Load: Technology, System-Level Impact, and Opportunities

Lee

Liu

Tan

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron.

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Increasing use of renewable energy sources to combat climate change comes with the challenge of power imbalance and instability issues in emerging power grids. To mitigate power fluctuation arising from the intermittent nature of renewables, electric spring has been proposed as a fast demandside management technology. Since its original conceptualization in 2011, many versions and variants of electric springs have emerged and industrial evaluations have begun. This paper provides an update of existing electric spring topologies, their associated control methodologies, and studies from the device level to the power system level. Future trends of electric springs in large-scale infrastructures are also addressed.

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Section: ) Droop Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Frequency Control In Isolated Microgridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Electric Spring and Smart Load: Technology, System-Level Impact, and Opportunities

Lee

Liu

Tan

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron.

Self Cite

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“…In 2012, researchers proposed a novel hardware-based demand-side energy management strategy, i.e., the electric spring, trying to tackle the same problem. The invented ESs are able to reduce voltage and frequency fluctuations [10]- [12], improve power quality [12], [13], enhance demand-side energy management of the power grid [14], and diminish energy imbalance in built environments [15]. To date, three versions of ES have been proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Impedance-Network-Based Electric Spring

Zhang

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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An electric spring (ES) can well maintain the balance between supply and demand to compensate for the intermittent nature of small-scale renewable energy resources (RES). Despite its popularity, the second generation of ES (ES-2) is deemed to have a few practical problems. The most conspicuous one is the requirement of accurate dead-time control is in the ES circuit to avoid bridge shoot-through problem, which is necessitated by the series-connection of multiple voltage sources and/or converters to realize a wide voltage range. This however could cause output voltage waveform distortions. In this study, inspired by the Z-source network structure, we propose a novel ES topology with a specifically designed impedance network, i.e., an impedance-network-based (i.e., a network of passive devices such as inductors and capacitors) ES (IN-ES), which intrinsically has a wide voltage range and is immune to the bridge shoot-through issue (i.e., switch tubes on the same bridge arm of the inverter are turned ON/OFF at the same time). Detailed theoretical derivation, simulation and experimentation are conducted in this study, which verify the unique advantageous features of the proposed IN-ES, demonstrating a wide voltage operation range, undistorted waveforms and safe operations. INDEX TERMS Impedance-network-based electric spring, novel ES structure, bridge shoot-through, terminal voltage control. NOMENCLATURE V in DC input voltage of ESs L s Inverter filter inductor C s The penalty function V g Voltage of emulated power grid Z line Line impedance of emulated power grid r line Line resistance of emulated power grid x line Inductive reactance of DC emulated power grid V es Compensation voltage of ESs V nc Voltage across non-critical load V R Resistance voltage of non-critical load V L Reactance voltage of non-critical load Z nc Non-critical load Z c Critical load V c Voltage across critical load I Ls Filtered inductor current of inverter I es Current through non-critical load V C1 Voltage across DC side capacitance V p Voltage across the inverter bridge E Cs Capacitor stores energy I i Equivalent current source current

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“…Regarding the strategies for the control of multiple ESs, the droop control, presented in [13], manipulates the modulation index of the ES-embedded VSI to regulate the CL voltage at each node, which makes the solution appropriate for the ES-1 version. The consensus control, presented in [14,15], processes the voltage information coming from the adjacent ESs to calculate the reference voltage of the local ES; clearly, this control needs communication means to work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Control with Fast Primary Control for Multiple Single-Phase Electric Springs

et al. 2019

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An electric spring (ES) is a new power compensation device which becomes useful for the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources into the grid. However, when the grid contains two or more ESs connected at different nodes, a voltage drop occurs between the nodes due to the line impedance. Therefore, the voltage of the ES-stabilized nodes cannot be set at the same reference (e.g., 220 V), otherwise one or more ESs break away because of the voltage windup. In this paper, a hierarchical control of multiple ESs tied to a microgrid is proposed to account for the line voltage drop. The primary control relies on the power decoupling control; it is designed for islanded operation of the microgrid, which improves the dynamics of both the voltage and frequency regulation. The secondary control relies on the droop control; it is introduced to coordinate the operation of the ESs by modifying the reference voltage of each ES dynamically. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed hierarchical control are analyzed together with the explanations of the algorithms developed for its realization. At last, effectiveness of the arranged control system is validated by simulations on the MATLAB/Simulink platform.

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Practical Evaluation of Droop and Consensus Control of Distributed Electric Springs for Both Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

Cited by 40 publications

References 22 publications

Electric Spring and Smart Load: Technology, System-Level Impact, and Opportunities

Electric Spring and Smart Load: Technology, System-Level Impact, and Opportunities

A Novel Impedance-Network-Based Electric Spring

Hierarchical Control with Fast Primary Control for Multiple Single-Phase Electric Springs

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