Practical Guidance for Interventions in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: Diet and Exercise vs. Changes in Body Composition

Abstract

(1) Objective: to establish practical guidance for the design of future clinical trials in MS (metabolic syndrome) patients aged 18 and older, based on a systematic review of randomized clinical trials connecting diet, physical exercise and changes in body composition. (2) Method: this systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCT) is based on the guidelines recommended by PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). Criteria of selection: ≥18 years of age; patients diagnosed with MS; intervention programs including diet, physical exercise and/or modifications in the style of life as treatment, as well as the magnitude of changes in body composition (BC); randomized clinical trial published between 2004 and 2018. (3) Results: the multidisciplinary interventions describe major changes in BC, and the recurring pattern in these clinical trials is an energy reduction and control in the percentage of intake of macronutrients along with the performance of regularly structured exercise; the most analyzed parameter was waist circumference (88.9% of the trials), followed by body weight (85.2%), BMI (77.8%) and body fat (55.6%). (4) Conclusions: The analysis of the information here reported sheds light for the design of future clinical trials in adults with MS. The best anthropometric parameters and units of measurement to monitor the interventions are related to dietary and physical exercise interventions. A list of practical advice that is easy to implement in daily practice in consultation is here proposed in order to guarantee the best results in changes of body composition.

Effects of risk factor numbers on the development of the metabolic syndrome

“…Dividing the diagnostic numbers into 0, 1, 2, and more than 3, the group of 0 was the youngest while identifying that the numbers and age do not show proportional relationship. This result shows the different tendency from the results which advocate diagnostic numbers increase as the age increases (Jamee et al, 2019;Kim et al, 2012;Li et al, 2016;Pérez et al, 2019).…”

“…Even the result showed desirable life style due to small ratio of smokers among subjects, BMI increased proportionally as the diagnostic number increase. According to the preceding researches (Bayoumi et al, 2019;Pérez et al, 2019), the ratio of normal weight group showed inverse proportion as the diagnostic numbers increase.…”

“…Generally, metabolic syndrome is closely related with smoking, drinking alcohol, obesity, body mass index (BMI), gender, age, stress, exercise, hypertension, chronic disease, family history, and concerns on health (Fan et al, 2019;Jamee et al, 2019;Li et al, 2016;Mercado et al, 2015;Pérez et al, 2019;Yahia et al, 2017).…”

Factors Associated with Dietary Control and Physical Activity in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Menopausal Women

“…Various studies suggest lifestyle modifications, including dietary control and physical activity for each body weight, to ensure successful MetS management [ 10 , 11 ]. Concentrated lifestyle modifications result in decreased weight, blood pressure, triglycerides, and fasting glucose levels and raising HDL cholesterol levels [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Dietary control and physical activity are especially important for lifestyle modifications to regulate all components of MetS [ 11 , 15 ].…”

“…Several studies state that MetS risk factors include age, race, dietary type, physical activities, and smoking [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. However, there are insufficient data to prove the association between compliance with a healthy lifestyle and individual lifestyle characteristics or patterns [ 16 , 17 ].…”