Practical Hydration Solutions for Sports

Belval, Luke N.; Hosokawa, Yuri; Casa, Douglas J.; Adams, William M.; Armstrong, Lawrence E.; Baker, Lindsay B.; Burke, Louise M.; Cheuvront, Samuel N.; Chiampas, George; González‐Alonso, José; Huggins, Robert A.; Kavouras, Stavros A.; Lee, Elaine C.; McDermott, Brendon P.; Miller, Kevin; Schlader, Zachary J.; Sims, Stacy T.; Stearns, Rebecca L.; Troyanos, Chris; Wingo, Jonathan E.

doi:10.3390/nu11071550

Cited by 85 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Individuals with salty sweat (e.g., [Cl − ] and [Na + ] ≥ 70 to 80 mmol/L) have an increased risk of NaCl imbalances during prolonged periods of heavy sweating (Baker 2019;Montain et al 2006). Because of the large inter-individual variability in sweating rate and sweat [Na + ] personalized fluid/Na + replacement strategies are recommended to maintain fluid and Na + balance during exercise (Belval et al 2019;McDermott et al 2017;Sawka et al 2007).…”

Section: Electrolytes (Sodium Chloride and Potassium)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition

2020

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The purpose of this paper is to review the physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition to assess the utility of sweat as a proxy for blood or as a potential biomarker of human health or nutritional/physiological status. Methods This narrative review includes the major sweat electrolytes (sodium, chloride, and potassium), other micronutrients (e.g., calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, vitamins), metabolites (e.g., glucose, lactate, ammonia, urea, bicarbonate, amino acids, ethanol), and other compounds (e.g., cytokines and cortisol). Results Ion membrane transport mechanisms for sodium and chloride are well established, but the mechanisms of secretion and/or reabsorption for most other sweat solutes are still equivocal. Correlations between sweat and blood have not been established for most constituents, with perhaps the exception of ethanol. With respect to sweat diagnostics, it is well accepted that elevated sweat sodium and chloride is a useful screening tool for cystic fibrosis. However, sweat electrolyte concentrations are not predictive of hydration status or sweating rate. Sweat metabolite concentrations are not a reliable biomarker for exercise intensity or other physiological stressors. To date, glucose, cytokine, and cortisol research is too limited to suggest that sweat is a useful surrogate for blood. Conclusion Final sweat composition is not only influenced by extracellular solute concentrations, but also mechanisms of secretion and/or reabsorption, sweat flow rate, byproducts of sweat gland metabolism, skin surface contamination, and sebum secretions, among other factors related to methodology. Future research that accounts for these confounding factors is needed to address the existing gaps in the literature.

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Section: Electrolytes (Sodium Chloride and Potassium)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition

2020

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“…Unter Ruhe-und Alltagsbedingungen ist das Durstgefühl zur Regulation des individuellen Getränkekonsums meist ausreichend. Auch Aktiven wird empfohlen, während der Aktivität erst dann zu trinken, wenn sie Durst empfinden -ein Sportbeginn im gut hydrierten Zustand vorausgesetzt [23]. Im Wettkampf kann das Durstempfinden allerdings wegen der Ausschüttung von Stresshormonen un-terdrückt werden.…”

Section: Link Hydr Atationstestunclassified

“…B. Laufstrecken bis 10 km, sind Wasserverluste von mehr als 2 % des Körpergewichts unwahrscheinlich. Daher müsste derselbe Athlet während des Sports keine Getränke aufnehmen [23].…”

Section: Für Wasserausgleich Sorgenunclassified

Trinken beim Sport: individuell und zielorientiert

Schröder¹,

Wagner²

2020

Ernährung & Medizin

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Eine an individuellen Schweißverlusten und der persönlichen sportlichen Zielsetzung ausgerichtete Trinkstrategie vor, während und nach der Aktivität ist ein entscheidender Faktor, um die Leistungsfähigkeit beim Sport zu unterstützen und die Regeneration zu optimieren. Konkrete Trinkempfehlungen für sportlich Aktive haben individuelle physiologische Grundbedingungen, Umgebungsfaktoren und logistische Rahmenbedingungen zu berücksichtigen.

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“…Due to the nature of the sport, soccer players have limited access to fluids and time to rehydrate as there are no timeouts and minimal player substitutions [ 2 ]. The requirements of high intensity exercise combined with limited fluid availability puts players at a high risk of hypohydration, which can be further exacerbated by warm/hot and humid environmental conditions [ 3 , 4 ]. Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) declares hydration breaks at the 30th and 75th min of each 90 min match when environmental stress, assessed via wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), is greater than 31 °C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent publication by Belval et al (2019) suggested that personalized hydration strategies are necessary to promote adequate hydration and optimize performance based on the exercise intensity, fluid availability, and environmental condition of each sport [ 4 ]. In competitive soccer, players exhibit different exercise characteristics (sprinting, running, walking, and standing) depending on on-field positions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Field Position on Fluid Balance and Electrolyte Losses in Collegiate Women’s Soccer Players

et al. 2020

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Research investigating hydration strategies specialized for women’s soccer players is limited, despite the growth in the sport. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of fluid balance and electrolyte losses in collegiate women’s soccer players. Eighteen NCAA Division I women’s soccer players were recruited (age: 19.2 ± 1.0 yr; weight: 68.5 ± 9.0 kg, and height: 168.4 ± 6.7 cm; mean ± SD), including: 3 forwards (FW), 7 mid-fielders (MD), 5 defenders (DF), and 3 goalkeepers (GK). Players practiced outdoor during spring off-season training camp for a total 14 practices (WBGT: 18.3 ± 3.1 °C). The main outcome measures included body mass change (BMC), sweat rate, urine and sweat electrolyte concentrations, and fluid intake. Results were analyzed for comparison between low (LOW; 16.2 ± 2.6° C, n = 7) and moderate risk environments for hyperthermia (MOD; 20.5 ± 1.5 °C, n = 7) as well as by field position. The majority (54%) of players were in a hypohydrated state prior to practice. Overall, 26.7% of players had a %BMC greater than 0%, 71.4% of players had a %BMC less than −2%, and 1.9% of players had a %BMC greater than −2% (all MD position). Mean %BMC and sweat rate in all environmental conditions were −0.4 ± 0.4 kg (−0.5 ± 0.6% body mass) and 1.03 ± 0.21 mg·cm−2·min−1, respectively. In the MOD environment, players exhibited a greater sweat rate (1.07 ± 0.22 mg·cm−2·min−1) compared to LOW (0.99 ± 0.22 mg·cm−2·min−1; p = 0.02). By position, DF had a greater total fluid intake and a lower %BMC compared to FW, MD, and GK (all p < 0.001). FW had a greater sweat sodium (Na+) (51.4 ± 9.8 mmol·L−1), whereas GK had the lowest sweat sodium (Na+) (30.9 ± 3.9 mmol·L−1). Hydration strategies should target pre-practice to ensure players are adequately hydrated. Environments deemed to be of moderate risk of hyperthermia significantly elevated the sweat rate but did not influence fluid intake and hydration status compared to low-risk environments. Given the differences in fluid balance and sweat responses, recommendations should be issued relative to soccer position.

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Practical Hydration Solutions for Sports

Cited by 85 publications

References 56 publications

Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition

Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition

Trinken beim Sport: individuell und zielorientiert

Effects of Field Position on Fluid Balance and Electrolyte Losses in Collegiate Women’s Soccer Players

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