This paper mainly studies the autonomous positioning and navigation technology of intelligent robots. In the campus environment to perform security monitoring tasks, this article uses gps to achieve location tracking. Due to the loss of gps signal due to campus buildings and trees, the monocular vision is further selected as a robot-assisted positioning method, and two positioning methods are combined. Achieve effective location monitoring. On the other hand, the use of monocular visual perception of the road environment to achieve autonomous navigation, mainly to achieve the GPS positioning function, manual road sign positioning function, road area detection function. Therefore, the paper tests the artificial road sign location and road identification respectively. The test results show that the acquisition success rate is 96.5% and the average processing speed is 30.34 frames/s without occlusion interference.