“…Thermoelectric generators, refrigerators, and heat pumps have been used in military, aerospace, instrument, and industrial or commercial products, as power generation, cooling, and heating devices for specific purposes. Many researchers are concerned about the physical properties of thermoelectric material and the manufacturing technique of thermoelectric modules [6][7][8][9][10]. In addition to the improvement of the thermoelectric material and module, the system analysis and optimization of a thermoelectric generator, refrigerator, and heat pump are equally important in designing high-performance thermoelectric generators, refrigerators, and heat pumps.…”