Practicality of 3D Printed Personalized Medicines in Therapeutics

Abstract

Technological advances in science over the past century have paved the way for remedial treatment outcomes in various diseases. Pharmacogenomic predispositions, the emergence of multidrug resistance, medication and formulation errors contribute significantly to patient mortality. The concept of “personalized” or “precision” medicines provides a window to addressing these issues and hence reducing mortality. The emergence of three-dimensional printing of medicines over the past decades has generated interests in therapeutics and dispensing, whereby the provisions of personalized medicines can be built within the framework of producing medicines at dispensaries or pharmacies. This plan is a good replacement of the fit-for-all modality in conventional therapeutics, where clinicians are constrained to prescribe pre-formulated dose units available on the market. However, three-dimension printing of personalized medicines faces several hurdles, but these are not insurmountable. In this review, we explore the relevance of personalized medicines in therapeutics and how three-dimensional printing makes a good fit in current gaps within conventional therapeutics in order to secure an effective implementation of personalized medicines. We also explore the deployment of three-dimensional printing of personalized medicines based on practical, legal and regulatory provisions.

Controlled tumor heterogeneity in a co-culture system by 3D bio-printed tumor-on-chip model

“…33 Moreover, they have signi cant impacts on cell proliferation, migration, aggregation, and activities that are strongly dependent to hydrogels' physical properties. 34 To date, various types of synthetic and natural polymers have been used for hydrogel preparations with different biocompatibilities and mechanical properties. 34 Polymers with low cytotoxicity and structural similarity to the ECM are good candidates for making bioinks.…”

“…34 To date, various types of synthetic and natural polymers have been used for hydrogel preparations with different biocompatibilities and mechanical properties. 34 Polymers with low cytotoxicity and structural similarity to the ECM are good candidates for making bioinks. The primary requirements for a bioprinting material are a) cell viability, b) printability (shear-thinning, compatible printing pressure, continuous extrusion without air bubbles), c) structural stability (stability of a printed structure before crosslinking and after crosslinking), and d) rapid and nontoxic crosslinking.…”

Smart intraoral systems for advanced drug delivery

“…3D printed pharmaceutical formulations themselves are a radical innovation to the traditional formulation producing process. Its advantage lies in meeting customization and personalization needs in drug delivery and tissue engineering 85 . The technology is considered a particularly attractive approach for the development of oral drug delivery systems and has been widely used in industry and clinics.…”

“…Its advantage lies in meeting customization and personalization needs in drug delivery and tissue engineering. 85 The technology is considered a particularly attractive approach for the development of oral drug delivery systems and has been widely used in industry and clinics. For example, Eleftheriadis et al 86 fabricated multilayer oral mucosal adhesions for unidirectional drug release based on fused deposition molding 3D printing closer to the hot-melt extrusion process, which exhibited promising structural features, dose uniformity, and permeation properties (Figure 2E−G).…”

Development of bioactive short fiber-reinforced printable hydrogels with tunable mechanical and osteogenic properties for bone repair

“…Emerging approaches involve using scaffolds with stem cells and gene therapy has shown promising outcomes in generating new bone and repairing segmental defects in animal studies. [7][8][9] Given that cells cannot naturally grow in a three-dimensional (3D) fashion on their own, scaffolds play a crucial role in promoting the adhesion of osteogenic cells. These scaffolds create an ideal environment for the differentiation of stem cells and, in turn, support the process of bone regeneration.…”