Practitioner Review: The Assessment and Treatment of Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Perrin, Sean; Smith, Patrick; Yule, William

doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00612

Cited by 183 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…It is the most widely used assessment of PTSD in children (Drake, Bush & van Gorp, 2000). According to Perrin (2000), the CPTS-RI self-report measure is appropriate for use with children 8 years or older and no lower age limit has been established for the measure. As noted above, it is this author's belief that young children lack the cognitive ability to respond effectively to self-report measures, including structured interviews that children to respond through verbal means.…”

Section: Measurement Instruments Designed To Assess the Impact Of Tramentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the trauma play scale: An observation-based assessment of the impact of trauma on play therapy behaviors of young children.

Findling¹,

Bratton²,

Henson³

2006

International Journal of Play Therapy

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Literature suggests that traumatized children exhibit a type of play that is distinct from the play behaviors of other children (Terr, 1983). The purpose of this study was the development of an instrument designed to detect differences in the play therapy behaviors of children with a history of trauma versus children with no known history of trauma.The study consisted of two phases; the instrument development and pilot study phases. The researcher followed Hill's (1991) guidelines for instrument development. The scale was designed so that raters could rate a child's behavior, via videotaped play therapy sessions, at five minute intervals. The scale consisted of the following domains: Intense Play, Repetitive Play, Play Disruptions, Avoidant Play Behavior, and Negative Affect. The Average Trauma Play Scale Score is an average of scores across these domains.During the pilot study phase, the researcher evaluated the scale in terms of reliability, face validity, and discriminant validity. Subjects were twelve children; six had a history of trauma and six had no known trauma history. Five trained raters rated eight consecutive videotaped play therapy sessions for each participant. One-way and repeated measures analysis of variance statistics, including effect sizes, were used to detect differences between the groups.Percentage agreement and correlational estimates of interrater reliability suggest that raters are able to acheive consensus and consistency in their ratings. Quantitative and qualitative feedback from experts in the field of play therapy provide strong support for the face validity of the scale. Statistical analyses indicate that the Trauma Play Scale has a high degree of discriminant validity. Traumatized children scored higher on the Trauma Play Scale than nontraumatized children, as expected. Effect size estimates indicate strong relationships between participants' trauma history status and their Average Trauma Play Scale scores. In post-hoc analyses, the Repetitive Play Domain was omitted from the aggregate score; this analysis uncovered statistically significant differences between the two groups.ii

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Section: Measurement Instruments Designed To Assess the Impact Of Tramentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the trauma play scale: An observation-based assessment of the impact of trauma on play therapy behaviors of young children.

Findling¹,

Bratton²,

Henson³

2006

International Journal of Play Therapy

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“…Several studies have identified a number of pre-trauma risk factors including; prior traumas [20] prior psychiatric problems [25,32,34] and family cohesion [35]. Whilst type and severity of exposure are recognised as important predictors of PTSD in adults and children, studies have reported other specific peri-trauma factors including: a strong acute trauma response [23,36,37], witnessing dead people [26], being physically injured [10] and perceived life threat [24,36,37]. Post trauma factors associated with PTSD in children include: social support [25] and co-morbidity, especially depression and generalised anxiety [38][39][40].…”

Section: The Omagh Bombingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A School Based Study of Psychological Disturbance in Children Following the Omagh Bomb

McDermott¹,

Duffy²,

Percy³

et al. 2015

Holistic Perspectives on Trauma

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Objective: To assess the extent and nature of psychiatric morbidity among children (aged 8 to 13 years) 15 months after a car bomb explosion in the town of Omagh, Northern Ireland.Method: A survey was conducted of 1945 school children attending 13 schools in the Omagh district. Questionnaires included demographic details, measures of exposure, the Horowitz Impact of Events Scale, the Birleson Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale.Results: Children directly exposed to the bomb reported higher levels of probable PTSD (70%), and psychological distress than those not exposed. Direct exposure was more closely associated with an increase in PTSD symptoms than in general psychiatric distress. Significant predictors of increased IES scores included being male, witnessing people injured and reporting a perceived life threat but when co-morbid anxiety and depression are included as potential predictors anxiety remains the only significant predictor of PTSD scores. Conclusions:School-based studies are a potentially valuable means of screening and assessing for PTSD in children after large-scale tragedies. Assessment should consider type of exposure, perceived life threat and other co-morbid anxiety as risk factors for PTSD.

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“…Parents were coached to support and reward their Evidenced based practice in family therapy 18 children through the process of facing anxiety provoking situations while avoiding engaging in compulsive anxiety reducing rituals. Perrin, Smith, and Yule (2000) in their review of the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents concluded that there is evidence from a small number of controlled trials for the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral programs for this disorder. Such programmes begin with psychoeducation and goal setting following which youngsters are trained in coping and relaxation skills that are subsequently used in exposure sessions.…”

Section: Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Children and Adolescents

Carr

2007

Handbook of Evidence‐based Psychotherapies

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Practitioner Review: The Assessment and Treatment of Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Cited by 183 publications

References 89 publications

Development of the trauma play scale: An observation-based assessment of the impact of trauma on play therapy behaviors of young children.

Development of the trauma play scale: An observation-based assessment of the impact of trauma on play therapy behaviors of young children.

A School Based Study of Psychological Disturbance in Children Following the Omagh Bomb

Children and Adolescents

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