“…In addition to this, the a relationship seems to be stronger in the field of pragmatics, where scholars have claimed that learning L2 pragmatic competence is learning the L2 culture (Alcón & Safont, 2008). Therefore, one may find studies addressing the influence of the on pragmatic acquisition (Bardovi-Harlig, Rose & Nickels, 2008), and works referring to the effect of cultural background (Rafieyan, Sharafi-Nejad, Khavari, Damavand & Eng, 2014), both lines of research involving the same variable.…”