Pre‐accession Europeanisation: The Strategic Realignment of the Environmental Policy Systems of Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia towards Agricultural Pollution in Preparation for EU Membership

Abstract

The divergent responses of three CEECs ‐ Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia ‐ to the common evolution of problems of agriculturally induced water pollution into matters of international concern is analysed from the end of their communist regimes to accession to the European Union (EU) in 2004. The early years of transition were characterised by an emerging international socialisation of domestic elites with Western academics and policy networks. These networks presented opportunities for norm entrepreneurs, who sought to draw attention to the problem of agriculturally induced water pollution and realign domestic policy. The success of these norm entrepreneurs depended on the positions they held in elite networks, their state's geo‐political concerns and desires for international legitimacy, and the degree to which productionist interests were entrenched in agricultural ministries. In contrast, the late 1990s and early 2000s were dominated by preparations for EU membership, particularly adoption of the acquis communautaire. While the CEECs had no option but to transpose EU directives into domestic legislation, the nature of directives has meant that they have had considerable leeway in terms of the administrative solutions chosen. This is illustrated by the Nitrates Directive; the three countries studied have adopted markedly different responses and sought expertise from established Member States that closely matched their own outlook. Arguments that the CEECs are en masse environmental laggards or merely passive players in the process of Europeanisation are rejected.

"The lonely cows"

“…My focus on the EU-driven development should not overshadow the fact that several other international organizations such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development likewise played a central role in supervising the further development of the agricultural sectors in the post-socialist coun-tries (Alanen 2004;Gorton, Lowe, and Zellei, 2005;Spoor and Visser 2001). That the outcome of privatization turned out as a dominion of small-scale private farms cannot be said to be solely due to the EU and the prospect of obtaining membership.…”

Chasing the green buck? Environmental activism in post-communist Baltic States

“…On the other side, groups pushing for sustainable ecological management were combating pollution by large Soviet-era enterprises by requesting investment into both the infrastructure in the worst offending industries (Gorton et al, 2005). In a sense, this is what most of the Baltic ENGO activists were aspiring to but were unable to do during the 1980s.…”

Forestry in transition: Imperial legacy and negotiated expertise in Romania and Poland

“…In an area of rapid social, political and economic change since 1989, social studies of 'transition' in post-socialist Europe point out that there is not one single process of transition. Each country negotiates its own way (Brandtstadter, 2007;Burawoy and Verdery, 1999), and each responds differently to environmental issues (Fischer et al, 2007;Gorton et al, 2005).…”