Pre- and Post-Treatment Serum Levels of Cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-1 Receptor Antagonist in Celiac Disease. Are They Related to the Associated Osteopenia?

Abstract

Our data demonstrate that the inflammatory process observed in active celiac disease is associated with high serum levels of IL-1beta and IL-6 and normal levels of IL-1-RA. Treatment significantly reduces both proinflammatory cytokines and significantly increases the antiinflammatory one. We also suggest that these cytokines might have a role in the osteopenia associated with celiac disease.

Anemia of chronic disease and defective erythropoietin production in patients with celiac disease

“…In fact, mean serum levels of inflammatory cytokines that contribute to ACD, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, are increased in active celiac disease. [24][25][26][27] Our results hint at a defective production of endogenous erythropoietin, in addition to changes in iron homeostasis, as a pathogenetic mechanism of ACD. A defective production of erythropoietin for the degree of anemia has been reported in some studies on ACD, [28][29][30] although adequate erythropoietin levels were observed in ACD subjects with systemic juvenile chronic arthritis.…”

Transglutaminase 2-specific coeliac disease autoantibodies induce morphological changes and signs of inflammation in the small-bowel mucosa of mice

“…In addition, the levels of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6 have been increased in active coeliac patients in several studies (Fornari et al 1998;Kontakou et al 1994;Manavalan et al 2010;Nilsen et al 1998), but no significant increase was found in our CD Mab-treated mice compared to controls. This difference in the cytokine profile between coeliac patients and CD Mab-injected mice is not surprising, since the mice we used in the study were immunecompromised T-cell deficient mice and thus unable to mount the cytokine response characteristic of T-cellmediated adaptive immune activation.…”

Children With Celiac Disease

“…These events include hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), enhanced 1,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D, and diminished 25-OHvitamin D. The level of 1-α-hydroxylase enzyme is enhanced because the defective enterocytes cannot respond to 1,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D and eventually result in increased levels of PTH. In a conducted study by Fornari et al, 27 high levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-1 receptor antagonists were found in untreated patients with celiac disease (n = 16, aged 18-75 years). Although strict diet adherence is important in children with celiac disease, early diagnosis and implementation of a gluten-free diet also play vital roles by ensuring increased activity of bone metabolism and obtaining peak bone mass.…”