Pre-existing comorbidity, the highest risk factor for poor prognosis of COVID-19 among the Mexican population

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents a challenge for public health and a high risk for patients with pre-existing comorbidity. As of July 20, 2020, the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) was 11.30% and the Mortality Rate (MR) was 31.28 deaths per 100,000 population. In Mexico, the prevalence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension among the adult Mexican population is 30%, 9.2%, and 40%, respectively. The objective of this research was to identify the risk factors associated with eight comorbidities and their dependency on age for death caused by COVID-19. Method: This study used the dataset published on July 20, 2020, by the General Directorate of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health of Mexico. From this dataset, we analysed 130,896 positive COVID-19 cases, where 35,483 (27.107%) patients had one comorbidity, and 95,413 (72.892%) patients had not medical comorbidity. Statistical analyses include the Case Fatality Rate (CFR), the estimation of the Odds Ratio (OR), and its 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results: The highest CFR was 14.382% for COPD, 10.266% for CKD, 10.126% for diabetes, and 8.954% for hypertension. The obesity CFR was 3.535%. Moreover, we detected a higher risk for patients with COPD, diabetes, and CKD, resulting in OR of 4.443 (95% CI: 3.404-5.799), 3.283 (95% CI: 3.018-3.570), and 3.016 (95% CI: 2.248-4.047), respectively. Conclusion: This study corroborates that the highest risk for severe disease and death caused by COVID-19 among the Mexican population are pre-existing comorbidities. Findings show that COPD, CKD, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease increase the risk of death for patients older than 54 years. The most vulnerable age group is older than 65 years.

The determinants of COVID-induced brain dysfunctions after SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients

“…However, neurological diseases in PHC loaded extremely low as our sample has few patients who had neurological disorders before getting SARS-CoV-2 infection. Similar other studies state that pre-existing health comorbidities may cause disease severity or post-COVID-related consequences ( Sanyaolu et al, 2020 ; Calixto-Calderón et al, 2021 ; Edison, 2021a ; Richardson et al, 2021 ; Treskova-Schwarzbach et al, 2021 ; Russell et al, 2023 ). Several underlying diseases were linked to severe COVID-19 infection.…”

“…Another study of 4,899,447 hospitalized patients examined underlying medical conditions related to SARS-CoV-2 infection ( Kompaniyets et al, 2021 ). Careful evaluation and management of underlying health conditions in COVID-19 patients can aid in risk stratification for severe infection ( Calixto-Calderón et al, 2021 ). However, much is yet to be discovered about the detailed mechanisms, treatment, efficacy, and long-term outcomes of post-COVID symptoms ( Adab et al, 2022 ; Choutka et al, 2022 ).…”

The impact of comorbidities and economic inequality on COVID-19 mortality in Mexico: a machine learning approach

“…They also found that diabetes, hypertension, and obesity were significant factors in COVID-19 deaths. In contrast, using data from March to July 2020 (Calixto-Calderón et al, 2021 ), found that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was a significant comorbidity in fatal COVID-19 cases. These studies did not consider the economic conditions of the Mexican population.…”

A Competing Risk Analysis of Early COVID-19 Treatments

“…The COVID-19 infection very rapidly reached pandemic conditions(29) during 2021 and continues to the present time. Several studies have associated chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and CKD, among others(30)(31)(32) with the development of severe forms of COVID-19 infection, including pneumonia. Mexico ranks third worldwide in deaths attributed to COVID-19 infection and with a high prevalence of these diseases, including CKD(33); therefore, strict control of these conditions is necessary in patients with COVID-19 infection in Mexico and the world.…”