Pre-exposure to ethanol, but not to caffeine and nicotine, induced place preference and self-administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist-benzodiazepine combination, Zoletil®

Propofol pretreatment induced place preference and self-administration of the tiletamine-zolazepam combination: implication on drug of abuse substitution

“…This drug combination does not produce rewarding and reinforcing effects in drug-naïve animals. However, animals repeatedly pre-exposed to the drug combination itself, tiletamine or zolazepam alone, or to other psychoactive drugs showed significant ''liking'' and ''wanting'' for this drug combination (12)(13)(14). These studies highlight the role of previous drug exposure, or drug history, in the abuse potential of the tiletamine-zolazepam combination.…”

“…The CPP test was begun the day after the last injection. The test was performed as previously described (12)(13)(14), with minor modifications. The CPP apparatus was composed of two-compartment, polyvinylchloride, boxes separated by a guillotine door partition.…”

“…There are assumptions that the rise in cases involving the abuse of this drug combination may have been influenced by the control/ regulation of propofol. Indeed, previous studies have shown that drug history plays a significant role in the abuse liability of the tiletamine-zolazepam combination, such that ''liking'' or ''wanting'' for this drug are only expressed in repeatedly pretreated animals (12)(13)(14). Moreover, reported cases of propofol and tiletamine-zolazepam abuse have involved famous Korean entertainers, adding to the hype on these drugs.…”

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Elicits Neuroprotection Against Acute Ischemic Neuronal Cell Death Associated with NMDA Receptors

“…Of note, inhibiting NMDARs with antagonists such as kynurenic acid, the synthetic analog of kyneuric acid, and MK-801 precluded migraine-related overexpression of PACAP-38 and presumably excessive glutamate release in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of migraine model rats, suggesting a connection between NMDARs and PACAP expression [56]. While NMDAR antagonists can potentially mitigate glutamate-generated hyperexcitation in migraines and other neuronal maladies [56], they have also been associated with adverse effects such as addiction in rats [57,58]. Our data demonstrated that PACAP-27/38 exerted neuroprotection against acute ischemic stroke by shifting the expression of NMDAR subunits.…”

Conditioned Place Preference and Self-Administration Induced by Nicotine in Adolescent and Adult Rats

“…The CPP test was performed in accordance to previous studies with slight modification (Benowitz, 2010;de la Peña et al, 2012;de la Peña et al, 2013a;de la Pena et al, 2013b). A biased CPP design was employed based on the recommendation of (Le Foll and Goldberg, 2005).…”