Pre-Hypertension among Adults in West Africa

Abstract

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com were the third cause of death representing 120.30 per 100,000 population in Burkina Faso. In Nigeria, a neighborhoods country, the prevalence of hypertension among adults fluctuated from 2.1% to 47.2% in a sample of 400 participants [8], whereas in Ghana the prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was 30.7% and 42.4%, respectively in a sample of 6,000 participants [9]. In a sample of 1,431 participants aged 18 years or older, the study older [10]. Uncovered that 40% were pre-hypertensive. Prevalence and risk factors are preventable with educational approaches. In recent years, studies have assessed intrapersonal factors such as age, sex, waist circumference, body mass index, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels as risk profiles for prehypertension in adults [11,12]. Furthermore, extrapersonal factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and high sodium diets are also attributed to increased risk profiles [12,13]. Knowledge of intrapersonal and extrapersonal risk factors for pre-hypertension can then be used to shift the effects of foremost risks associated with the disease. These factors are also measurable upon investigation and might be responsive to early intervention. Identifying the intrapersonal and extrapersonal risk profiles is an essential precondition for selecting effective prevention measures and decreasing the major cardiovascular diseases. However, in West African countries, none study guided by a Neuman Systems Model has assessed the intrapersonal and extrapersonal risk factors for pre-hypertension, especially among adults in Burkina Faso. Guided by Neuman Systems Theoretical Framework [14] (Figure 1). Intrapersonal (i.e., physiological, psychological, developmental, and spiritual variables) and extrapersonal (i.e., sociocultural variable) risk factors can affect the stability of adult system's health [14]. Thus, the aim of this study was ascertain the correlated and predictive intrapersonal and extrapersonal risk factors for pre-HTN among adults in urban health districts. Guiding theoretical framework: Neuman Systems Model Origin of the Neuman Systems ModelThe Neuman Systems Model (NSM) was developed in 1970 by Betty Neuman and was first published in Nursing Research Journal in 1972 [15]. The philosophical and theoretical underpinnings are based on the general systems theory [16], the wholeness of life [17], the field theory [18] and the typology of prevention as interventions [19]. In addition, the model was undergirded by the theory of stress and adaptation [20], and the theory of stress and coping [21]. Neuman (1970) provided a wholistic perspective for nursing assessment and directions for actions to stabilize a person health. The Worldview of Neuman Systems ModelNeuman's model is based on the philosophy that emphasizes the wholism in human beings. In this perspective of wholistim and nursing caring, Neuman added spirituality to the model as an innate component of the human being that interrelates with all the other ...