“…Preoxidation is a method for constructing closed pores. Generally, preoxidation can boost the degree of cross-linking of the precursors, which can hinder the orientated growth of graphitic domains during carbonization, thereby constructing more amorphous carbon microstructures and further forming numerous closed pores. ,, However, the number of closed pores constructed by preoxidation strategies is usually limited, which only results in a slight enhancement of low-voltage plateau capacity for hard carbon. Compared to preoxidation, introducing pore-forming agents including hard templates (e.g., nanosized MgO , and ZnO , ), organics (e.g., ethanol and polyethylene glycol), and activation agents (e.g., KOH) is a more direct way to construct closed pores, allowing for the production of high plateau capacity hard carbon anodes in general.…”