“…The results of the study detailing professional development showed a good effect on PCK. For instance, professional development programs (Ekmekci et al, 2019;Hidayat & Setyawan, 2020;Maboya et al, 2022;Sarkim, 2020), content-focused professional development (Richter et al, 2021), model/ professional training/ teacher training/ collaboration programs (Gambini & Lenart, 2021;Jeschke et al, 2021;Kurt-Birel et al, 2020;Manderfeld & Siller, 2019;Saputra et al, 2019;Sunzuma & Maharaj, 2019;Tang, 2018;Yildiz & Akyuz, 2019;Yilmaz & Demir, 2021), seminar/ workshops/ in-service training (Ansah et al, 2020;Chang et al, 2020;Kurt-Birel et al, 2020;Moh' d et al, 2021), educational course/ pedagogy course (Lau, 2019;Lee et al, 2018), school based continuous professional development/ on-site professional training (lesson study) (Helmbold et al, 2021;Mhakure, 2019), structured interventions/ professional learning workshops (Hilton & Hilton, 2018), regular meetings (Taylan et al, 2022), microteaching course/ microteaching/ teaching practicums (Setyaningrum et al, 2018) and a two-week summer institute (Schoen et al, 2019) were implemented to enhance mathematics teachers' PCK level effectively. Notably, terms such as model, professional training, teacher training and collaboration program were frequently used to represent professional development in most of the studies.…”