Pre-Stimulus Sham TMS Facilitates Target Detection

Duecker, Felix; Sack, Alexander T.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057765

Cited by 56 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…rSFG, rMFG, rAI, and pre-SMA were identified as target sites based on individual fMRI data (details presented below). Sham TMS was delivered on a target site located in the middle of the four empirical target sites to keep nonneural TMS effects constant (Duecker & Sack, 2013). Therefore, Talairach coordinates of the four sites were averaged and transferred back to native space to define a sham TMS target site.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Right Prefrontal and Medial Cortex in Response Inhibition: Interfering with Action Restraint and Action Cancellation Using Transcranial Magnetic Brain Stimulation

Dambacher¹,

Sack²,

Lobbestael³

et al. 2014

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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The ability of inhibiting impulsive urges is paramount for human behavior. Such successful response inhibition has consistently been associated with activity in pFC. The current study aims to unravel the differential involvement of different areas within right pFC for successful action restraint versus action cancellation. These two conceptually different aspects of action inhibition were measured with a go/no-go task (action restraint) and a stop signal task (action cancellation). Localization of relevant prefrontal activation was based on fMRI data. Significant task-related activation during successful action restraint was localized for each participant individually in right anterior insula (rAI), right superior frontal gyrus, and pre-SMA. Activation during successful action cancellation was localized in rAI, right middle frontal gyrus, and pre-SMA. Subsequently, fMRI-guided continuous thetaburst stimulation was applied to these regions. Results showed that the disruption of neural activity in rAI reduced both the ability to restrain (go/no-go) and cancel (stop signal) responses. In contrast, continuous thetaburst stimulation-induced disruption of the right superior frontal gyrus specifically impaired the ability to restrain from responding (go/no-go), while leaving the ability for action cancellation largely intact. Stimulation applied to right middle frontal gyrus and pre-SMA did not affect inhibitory processing in neither of the two tasks. These findings provide a more comprehensive perspective on the role of pFC in inhibition and cognitive control. The results emphasize the role of inferior frontal regions for global inhibition, whereas superior frontal regions seem to be specifically relevant for successful action restraint.

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Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Right Prefrontal and Medial Cortex in Response Inhibition: Interfering with Action Restraint and Action Cancellation Using Transcranial Magnetic Brain Stimulation

Dambacher¹,

Sack²,

Lobbestael³

et al. 2014

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…Recently, we have challenged this assumption on empirical grounds [9]. We investigated the non-neural effects of pre-stimulus TMS on target detection and revealed that the clicking sound of a sham TMS coil systematically influences task performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time- and Task-Dependent Non-Neural Effects of Real and Sham TMS

et al. 2013

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in experimental brain research to manipulate brain activity in humans. Next to the intended neural effects, every TMS pulse produces a distinct clicking sound and sensation on the head which can also influence task performance. This necessitates careful consideration of control conditions in order to ensure that behavioral effects of interest can be attributed to the neural consequences of TMS and not to non-neural effects of a TMS pulse. Surprisingly, even though these non-neural effects of TMS are largely unknown, they are often assumed to be unspecific, i.e. not dependent on TMS parameters. This assumption is inherent to many control strategies in TMS research but has recently been challenged on empirical grounds. Here, we further develop the empirical basis of control strategies in TMS research. We investigated the time-dependence and task-dependence of the non-neural effects of TMS and compared real and sham TMS over vertex. Critically, we show that non-neural TMS effects depend on a complex interplay of these factors. Although TMS had no direct neural effects, both pre- and post-stimulus TMS time windows modulated task performance on both a sensory detection task and a cognitive angle judgment task. For the most part, these effects were quantitatively similar across tasks but effect sizes were clearly different. Moreover, the effects of real and sham TMS were almost identical with interesting exceptions that shed light on the relative contribution of auditory and somato-sensory aspects of a TMS pulse. Knowledge of such effects is of critical importance for the interpretation of TMS experiments and helps deciding what constitutes an appropriate control condition. Our results broaden the empirical basis of control strategies in TMS research and point at potential pitfalls that should be avoided.

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“…Perhaps, because of this alerting effect, accuracy performance was also slightly, although reliably, higher for TMS (86.1%) than no-TMS (85.2%) trials (t(39) = 2.19, p = .035, two tailed). This artifact renders the no-TMS trials unsuitable as a control condition (Duecker & Sack, 2013), and all further analyses focused on comparing performance between TMS conditions.…”

Section: General Tms Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparatory Activity in Posterior Temporal Cortex Causally Contributes to Object Detection in Scenes

Reeder

Perini

Peelen

2015

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Theories of visual selective attention propose that top-down preparatory attention signals mediate the selection of task-relevant information in cluttered scenes. Neuroimaging and electrophysiology studies have provided correlative evidence for this hypothesis, finding increased activity in target-selective neural populations in visual cortex in the period between a search cue and target onset. In this study, we used online TMS to test whether preparatory neural activity in visual cortex is causally involved in naturalistic object detection. In two experiments, participants detected the presence of object categories (cars, people) in a diverse set of photographs of real-world scenes. TMS was applied over a region in posterior temporal cortex identified by fMRI as carrying category-specific preparatory activity patterns. Results showed that TMS applied over posterior temporal cortex before scene onset (-200 and -100 msec) impaired the detection of object categories in subsequently presented scenes, relative to vertex and early visual cortex stimulation. This effect was specific to category level detection and was related to the type of attentional template participants adopted, with the strongest effects observed in participants adopting category level templates. These results provide evidence for a causal role of preparatory attention in mediating the detection of objects in cluttered daily-life environments.

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Pre-Stimulus Sham TMS Facilitates Target Detection

Cited by 56 publications

References 18 publications

The Role of Right Prefrontal and Medial Cortex in Response Inhibition: Interfering with Action Restraint and Action Cancellation Using Transcranial Magnetic Brain Stimulation

The Role of Right Prefrontal and Medial Cortex in Response Inhibition: Interfering with Action Restraint and Action Cancellation Using Transcranial Magnetic Brain Stimulation

Time- and Task-Dependent Non-Neural Effects of Real and Sham TMS

Preparatory Activity in Posterior Temporal Cortex Causally Contributes to Object Detection in Scenes

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