Pre-treatment of Agro-Industrial Residues

Solid waste-derived carbon nanomaterials for supercapacitor applications: a recent overview

“…Severalpollutants like nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide are commonly released in atmosphere. The waste biomass causes forest fire can alsoincrease global production of greenhouse gases by 25 to 30 % each year [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. According to some reports, the universal crops yield around 146 billion tons of solid waste every year [11] and the household waste is about 100 billion tons [12].Proper management of such huge amount of solid waste is itself a big environmental issue [13].To overcome the situation with a great success,scientific development needs an innovative approach, which can solve and manage the utilizations of such wasteby adopting someadvanced scientific technologies.…”

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“…Paper Making: Nowadays enzymes are used in the paper and pulp industries for manufacturing activities. Pectinase is used in papermaking 23 .…”

“…Retention aids like cationic polymers are added to pulp in modern papermaking and to speed the drainage of water. Polymers of galacturonic acid are depolymerized by pectinases and subsequently lower the cationic demand of pectin solutions and the filtrate from peroxide bleaching 23 .…”

“…The yield of juice was increased after treating with pectinase. The activity of pectinase esterase in the winemaking process results in an increased level of methanol; however, its concentration should be regulated because of its poisonous nature, which is why in a commercial mixture, the level of pectin esterase should be of low concentration 23 .…”

“…Acidic pectinases have a major role in the fruit and vegetable juice industry; they are produced by fungi mainly from Aspergillus spp. due to its distinct role in food industries 23 . These enzymes are generally employed during fruit and vegetable juice extraction at the stage of pressing.…”