Pre-treatment staging of prostate cancer: recent advances and future prospects

A compact mechatronic system for 3D ultrasound guided prostate interventions

“…There has been an increase of 20% in the number of men diagnosed with PCa in the past decade and this trend is projected to continue in the future due to population growth, the demographic shift toward higher proportions of older men, and the increased use of the prostate-specific antigen ͑PSA͒ blood test. [1][2][3][4] The use of the PSA test for early detection of PCa and the public's increased awareness about the disease have combined to increase the proportion of PCa diagnosed at an early and organ confined stage and in younger men. 1,5 Improvements in transrectal ultrasound ͑TRUS͒ imaging, computer aided dosimetry, and new treatment options have stimulated investigators to develop minimally invasive therapies for localized PCa, such as brachytherapy, cryosurgery, high intensity focused ultrasound, and laser thermal ablation.…”

Fast dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of urinary bladder and prostate cancer

“…Several clinical studies have shown that increased microvessel density in prostate and bladder cancer is correlated to poorer overall survival and/or increased risk for metastasis (3)(4)(5). Therefore, direct and indirect methods have been developed to analyze the angiogenic capacity.…”

Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI in normal and abnormal prostate tissues as defined by biopsy, MRI, and 3D MRSI

“…Tumor vascularity has been shown to play a role in the local and distant spread of the tumor. Specifically, increased microvessel density has been correlated with worse survival and/or increased risk of metastasis in prostate cancer (5, 6). Since dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI can provide a measure of tissue vascularity, it can potentially aid in assessing the local and distant spread of cancer.…”