“…Other authors have argued that a unique university EMS model is required [8,9]. In practice, while there are universities that have found benefit in obtaining formal certification for their EMS [7,10,11], most are pursuing informal (no intention of seeking certification) EMS models [1,3,12] with varying levels of structure [2,[13][14][15]. Most of these informal EMS are based on ISO 14001, EMAS or BS 7750 guidelines [16,17], but others use a different model all together [18,19].…”