Prebiotics, probiotics, fermented foods and cognitive outcomes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Marx, Wolfgang; Scholey, Andrew; Firth, Joseph; D’Cunha, Nathan M.; Lane, Melissa; Hockey, Meghan; Ashton, Melanie M; Cryan, John F.; O’Neil, Adrienne; Naumovski, Nenad; Berk, Michael; Dean, Olivia; Jacka, Felice N.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.036

Cited by 62 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…15 Early evidence from animal models 16,17 is progressively followed with data from human studies, demonstrating an association between the gut microbiota and cognition. 18 Additionally, intervention studies, albeit limited, 19 have begun to demonstrate that targeting the microbiota (i.e. probiotics, prebiotics) can modify cognitive abilities (e.g.…”

Section: Impact Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there is an increase in human intervention studies investigating the cognitive enhancing effects of prebiotics, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that the currently available evidence does not support the use of prebiotics to influence cognitive measures. 19 Besides using isolated dietary fibers or prebiotics, other ways to study the impact of dietary fiber on the brain is through the use of high fiber foods. A small number of intervention studies have used single high fiber foods to investigate whether cognitive performance could be improved through increased fiber intake, yielding inconsistent results.…”

Section: Evidence From Interventional Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dietary Fiber and Cognition: What Do We Know?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Going with the grain: Fiber, cognition, and the microbiota-gut-brain-axis

Berding

Carbia

Cryan

2021

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Healthy dietary intake has been acknowledged for decades as one of the main contributors to health. More recently, the field of nutritional psychiatry has progressed our understanding regarding the importance of nutrition in supporting mental health and cognitive function. Thereby, individual nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols, have been recognized to be key drivers in this relationship. With the progress in appreciating the influence of dietary fiber on health, increasingly research is focusing on deciphering its role in brain processes. However, while the importance of dietary fiber in gastrointestinal and metabolic health is well established, leading to the development of associated health claims, the evidence is not conclusive enough to support similar claims regarding cognitive function. Albeit the increasing knowledge of the impact of dietary fiber on mental health, only a few human studies have begun to shed light onto the underexplored connection between dietary fiber and cognition. Moreover, the microbiota-gut-brain axis has emerged as a key conduit for the effects of nutrition on the brain, especially fibers, that are acted on by specific bacteria to produce a variety of health-promoting metabolites. These metabolites (including short chain fatty acids) as well as the vagus nerve, the immune system, gut hormones, or the kynurenine pathway have been proposed as underlying mechanisms of the microbiota-brain crosstalk. In this minireview, we summarize the evidence available from human studies on the association between dietary fiber intake and cognitive function. We provide an overview of potential underlying mechanisms and discuss remaining questions that need to be answered in future studies. While this field is moving at a fast pace and holds promise for future important discoveries, especially data from human cohorts are required to further our understanding and drive the development of public health recommendations regarding dietary fiber in brain health.

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Section: Impact Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence From Interventional Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Going with the grain: Fiber, cognition, and the microbiota-gut-brain-axis

Berding

Carbia

Cryan

2021

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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“…Future research should try to address these issues. Future studies should also use nutrient biomarkers to assess the effect of probiotics and prebiotics [102].…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Therapeutics in Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Disorders

Alagiakrishnan

Halverson

2021

J Clin Med Res

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Microbial therapeutics, which include gut biotics and fecal transplantation, are interventions designed to improve the gut microbiome. Gut biotics can be considered as the administration of direct microbial populations. The delivery of this can be done through live microbial flora, certain food like fiber, microbial products (metabolites and elements) obtained through the fermentation of food products, or as genetically engineered substances, that may have therapeutic benefit on different health disorders. Dietary intervention and pharmacological supplements with gut biotics aim at correcting disruption of the gut microbiota by repopulating with beneficial microorganism leading to decrease in gut permeability, inflammation, and alteration in metabolic activities, through a variety of mechanisms of action. Our understanding of the pharmacokinetics of microbial therapeutics has improved with in vitro models, sampling techniques in the gut, and tools for the reliable identification of gut biotics. Evidence from human studies points out that prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics have the potential for treating and preventing mental health disorders, whereas with paraprobiotics, proteobiotics and postbiotics, the research is limited at this point. Some animal studies point out that gut biotics can be used with conventional treatments for a synergistic effect on mental health disorders. If future research shows that there is a possibility of synergistic effect of psychotropic medications with gut biotics, then a gut biotic or nutritional prescription can be given along with psychotropics. Even though the overall safety of gut biotics seems to be good, caution is needed to watch for any known and unknown side effects as well as the need for risk benefit analysis with certain vulnerable populations. Future research is needed before wide spread use of natural and genetically engineered gut biotics. Regulatory framework for gut biotics needs to be optimized. Holistic understanding of gut dysbiosis, along with life style factors, by health care providers is necessary for the better management of these conditions.In conclusion, microbial therapeutics are a new psychotherapeutic approach which offer some hope in certain conditions like dementia and depression. Future of microbial therapeutics will be driven by welldone randomized controlled trials and longitudinal research, as well as by replication studies in human subjects.

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“…For their applications, probiotics have been widely used in the food industry supplemented as functional food nutrients, fermented food products, dairy products, and beverages ( Turkmen et al, 2019 ; Graham et al, 2020 ; Marx et al, 2020 ). In addition, probiotics are important in pharmaceuticals in terms of their immune enhancement properties ( Putta et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Streptococcus salivarius as New Probiotics Derived From Human Breast Milk and Their Potential on Proliferative Inhibition of Liver and Breast Cancer Cells and Antioxidant Activity

et al. 2021

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Breast milk is well known as the abundant source of beneficial bacteria. A new alternative source of human probiotic origin from breast milk is in demand and currently of interest for both the functional food industry and biopharmaceuticals. The aim in this study was to investigate the anticancer and antioxidant efficacies of the new potential probiotics isolated from human breast milk. Three strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have shown their potential probiotic criteria including antimicrobial activity, non-hemolytic property, and survival in acid and bile salt conditions. These strains showed high abilities on cell surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, and co-aggregation. The genera identification by 16S rRNA sequencing and comparison revealed that they were Streptococcus salivarius BP8, S. salivarius BP156, and S. salivarius BP160. The inhibition of liver cancer cells (HepG2) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7) proliferation by these probiotic strains using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was 44.83–59.65 and 29.85–37.16%, respectively. The probiotic action mode was inducted via apoptotic mechanisms since they stimulate the liver and breast cancer cell death through DNA fragmentation and positive morphological changes by acridine orange (AO) and propidium iodide (PI) staining. The antioxidant activity of these probiotics in the form of intact cells, cell free supernatant (CFS), and heat-killed cells was evaluated by a 2,2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, resulting in the scavenging activity rates of 16.93–25.43, 15.47–28.03, and 13.67–23.0%, respectively. These S. salivarius probiotic strains protected the L929 mouse fibroblasts against oxidative stress with very high survival rates at 94.04–97.77%, which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than L-ascorbic acid at 75.89–78.67% in the control groups. The results indicated that S. salivarius BP8 and S. salivarius BP160 probiotic strains could be applied as functional foods or new alternative bioprophylactics for treating liver and breast cancers.

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Prebiotics, probiotics, fermented foods and cognitive outcomes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Cited by 62 publications

References 51 publications

Going with the grain: Fiber, cognition, and the microbiota-gut-brain-axis

Going with the grain: Fiber, cognition, and the microbiota-gut-brain-axis

Microbial Therapeutics in Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Disorders

Characterization of Streptococcus salivarius as New Probiotics Derived From Human Breast Milk and Their Potential on Proliferative Inhibition of Liver and Breast Cancer Cells and Antioxidant Activity

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