Precarious by Choice? Gender and Self-employment

Vosko, Leah F.; Zukewich, Nancy

doi:10.1515/9780773585195-004

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The self‐employed represent roughly 15% of the Canadian workforce and their numbers have grown in recent decades (Vosko & Zukewich, 2006; Yssaad & Ferrao, 2019). Early research on sexual orientation in the labour market suggests that self‐employment may have been the only option for openly gay men and lesbian women who would otherwise suffer legal discrimination in paid employment (Friskopp & Silverstein, 1995; Weinberg & Williams, 1974; Woods & Lucas, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dominant approaches to self‐employment assume the entrepreneurial model characterized by individual choice to take on the ‘risk, autonomy, and independence [of self‐employment] over [the] stability and direct supervision’ of paid employment (Vosko & Zukewich, 2006, p. 67). This ability to take on risk is contingent on having the socio‐economic resources required to pursue self‐employment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relative socio‐economic disadvantage may also drive sexual minorities towards forms of self‐employment requiring fewer resources, such as solo self‐employment which is independent work that does not involve hiring paid employees (Vosko & Zukewich, 2006). In fact, data suggests that this smaller‐scale form of self‐employment is more prevalent in Canada: Of total employment in 2000, 10% of workers are solo self‐employed while 5% are employers (Vosko & Zukewich, 2006). However, there is currently no research on the distribution of sexual minorities into solo or employer self‐employment, and prior research has instead examined distributions across full‐time and part‐time forms which still gives insight into the degree to which sexual minorities devote more work hours to self‐employment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior research shows that gay men and lesbian women are less likely than heterosexual men to be self‐employed full‐time than part‐time, while lesbian women more likely to be self‐employed full‐time compared to heterosexual women (Jepsen & Jepsen, 2016). Solo and part‐time forms of self‐employment are also associated with socio‐economic insecurity and precarity which may heighten the risk of precarious outcomes from self‐employment for sexual minorities including low earnings, little control over working conditions, and lack of regulatory protections (Vosko, 2007; Vosko & Zukewich, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual orientation and self‐employment: New evidence

Pajovic

Waite

Denier

2023

Canadian Review of Sociology

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Early studies and theory suggest sexual minorities are drawn towards the relative independence of self‐employment to avoid discrimination in paid employment. However, recent evidence is mixed, suggesting that a higher propensity for self‐employment (relative to heterosexual people) is found only among lesbian women relative to heterosexual women. This study overcomes the data limitations of prior research by using data pooled from 2007–2017 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) and multivariate logistic regression to provide new evidence on LGB self‐employment. The results show that self‐employment is particularly high for bisexual people, especially bisexual women—but not for gay men or lesbian women. Overall, this study examines the enduring but nuanced relationship between self‐employment and sexual orientation and discusses countervailing factors related to socio‐economic resources, gender, and family structure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual orientation and self‐employment: New evidence

Pajovic

Waite

Denier

2023

Canadian Review of Sociology

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Labor Exploitation and Health Inequities Among Market Migrants: A Political Economy Perspective

Syed

2015

Int. Migration & Integration

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Previous discourses have recognized institutionalized forms of racism and pointed to structural violence embedded in Canadian policies, institutions, and labor markets. However, there is limited connection of these experiences to health. This paper theorizes a novel connection of health inequities experienced by racialized and immigrant peoples in Canada as a result of globalization and market liberalism. Beginning with a brief historical overview of the slave trade and indentured workers' experiences, it is suggested that today there is a new variant of slave labor and indentured work. Employing a political economy perspective, this paper suggests the exploitation of "Market Migrants" in Canada. Racialized and migrant workers in Canada experience high levels of precarious work, denizenship, social exclusion, social inequality, and eventually health inequities, which is a result of discrimination experienced by these groups. It reveals that the government has failed to address these issues because of control and lobby through powerful economic and political structures that benefit from the situation as it stands. However, given that there are economic losses to migrant skill underutilization and the growing frustrations manifest in uprisings against these systems of dominance, the current situation is unsustainable and transformation is expected.

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Labour attitudes towards gender equity in Spain: the role of education throughout an economic cycle

Gil-Lacruz

Gil‐Lacruz

Bernal

et al. 2023

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyse the background and consequences of the Spanish job market on the employment conditions of Spanish women and on underlying attitudes on gender role in the working environment. Design/methodology/approach From the European Social Survey (2004, 2008, 2010, 2016), the authors draw a sample of 3,706 individuals aged from 25 to 64 years old living in Spain. The sample allows the authors to make estimations from several aggregation levels depending on gender (men and women) and generational cohort (baby boom and X generation). Findings Education improves the perception of women’s work among both men and women. The role of education is especially interesting for older people. Educational levels help women adapt to a changing context, promote female participation in the job market and protect them from unemployment situations. This study demonstrates that both gender and generational cohort moderate the impact of education on gender labour attitudes and working status. Research limitations/implications Finally, this work is not exempt from limitations. For example, the use of cross sections does not allow the authors to obtain a richer set of causal relationships than the use of panel data would allow them. In addition, it would be interesting to replicate the study of gender labour attitudes among human resource managers and workers to have a broader view of what happens within companies. Originality/value The main contribution to the state of the art is to demonstrate that both gender and generational cohort moderate the impact of education on gender labour attitudes and working status. In addition, this study analyses whether gender labour attitudes change throughout the economic cycles, because population characteristics change (endowment effect) and/or because the same characteristics have different impacts (coefficient effect).

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Precarious by Choice? Gender and Self-employment

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Sexual orientation and self‐employment: New evidence

Sexual orientation and self‐employment: New evidence

Labor Exploitation and Health Inequities Among Market Migrants: A Political Economy Perspective

Labour attitudes towards gender equity in Spain: the role of education throughout an economic cycle

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