Precipitation chemistry in Japan 1989?1993

Hara, Hiroshi; Kitamura, Moritsugu; Mori, Atsuko; Noguchi, Izumi; Ohizumi, Tsuyoshi; Seto, Sinya; Takeuchi, Tadashi; Deguchi, Teruyuki

doi:10.1007/bf01186178

Cited by 52 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Chloride ion, Na + , and Mg 2+ had a strong correlation with each other. These components are mainly attributed to sea-salt particles in the case of precipitation in Japan (Hara et al, 1995). The strong correlation in this study surely indicates that these components are derived from sea-salt particles, even in the case of fog water.…”

Section: Correlation Between Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Chemistry of Fog Water Collected in the Mt. Rokko Area (Kobe City, Japan) between April 1997 and March 2001

Aikawa

Hiraki

Shoga³

et al. 2005

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Fog chemistry was studied for four years (April 1997-March 2001 at Mt. Rokko (altitude 931 m) in Kobe, Japan. A collection of samples was obtained at a mountainous site close to a highly industrialized area. The samples were collected by an active string-fog collector. The summer fog was dense and frequent. The geography of Mt. Rokko is linked to the seasonality of the occurrence and the thickness of the fog. Among the meteorological parameters, the relative humidity was important for the occurrence of fog. The correlation of the concentrations of the components in fog water indicated that (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and/or NH 4 HSO 4 were involved in the process of the formation of fog drops in the atmosphere. The concentration of the components decreased with an increase in the liquid water content (LWC) of the fog, and the seasonal variation of the concentration of some components depended on the seasonal variation of the LWC. The equivalent ratio of NO − 3 to non-sea salt (nss−) SO 2− 4 was considerably larger than that in precipitation. Ammonium ion accounted for the largest percentage of cations, which indicates that NH + 4 was an important counter cation for NO − 3 and nss-SO 2− 4 . A unique fog event in which the air pollutants seemed to be scavenged stoichiometrically was sometimes observed. The methodology used for collecting fog water at 60 mL intervals provided detailed information.

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Section: Correlation Between Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Chemistry of Fog Water Collected in the Mt. Rokko Area (Kobe City, Japan) between April 1997 and March 2001

Aikawa

Hiraki

Shoga³

et al. 2005

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…Because Na ? in atmospheric aerosols mainly originates from sea salt particles, it is often used as the conservative trace factor for the latter, and the non-sea salt equivalent concentrations for sulfate and calcium ions can be calculated by following expressions (HARA et al, 1995):…”

Section: Field Experiments and Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pH value of fog water is the joint effects of various cations and anions; it depends not only on the effects of acidic ions, e.g., sulfate and nitrate ions, but also on the neutralization of alkaline substances, e.g., ammonium and calcium. Sulfate and nitrate ions are the major acidic ions in clouds, fogs and precipitation in the atmosphere, therefore the unneutralized acidity of fog water can be expressed by pAi, which is semiquantitatively defined with equivalent concentrations of non-sea salt sulfate and nitrate ions (HARA et al, 1995;POLKOWSKA et al, 2008): Table 3 presents arithmetic mean concentrations of primary ions of winter fog water and associated chemical characteristic parameters. It can be seen that the pH values ranged from 4.11 to 7.28, with a mean value of individual samples being 5.85.…”

Section: Field Experiments and Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TIC level in Nanjing is higher in comparison with the ion compositions of fog water measured in most areas over the world. When comparing with the measured TIC in other areas of China, it is about half of the TIC (43.53 meq/L) observed in the urban area of Shanghai in1993-1995(LI et al, 1999, two-thirds of the mean TIC (33.17 meq/L) of fog water over 1994-2000 in the urban and suburban areas of Chongqing, and 5.8 times the mean TIC (3.54 meq/L) in 1999 and 2001 in the clean atmosphere in Dayaoshan of Nanling Mountains(WU et al, 2004).With respect to the contribution of different ions to the fog water chemistry, SO 4 2-absolutely dominated the equivalent concentration of anions, accounting for 74% of the total anion concentration and 33% of the total ion concentration, around 6.0/7.3 times those of Cl -/NO 3 -, indicating that the acidification of winter fog water in Nanjing was principally due to sulfate. This agrees well with the fact that SO 2 is still the most predominant acidifying pollutant in industrial cities of China, such as Shanghai(LI et al,1999), Chongqing (LI andPENG, 1994), and Anning(HUANG et al, 1992), as well as in most areas of the world(KIM et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ion Composition of Fog Water and Its Relation to Air Pollutants during Winter Fog Events in Nanjing, China

Yang

Xie

Shi

et al. 2011

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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Intensive field experiments focused on fog chemistry were carried out in the northern suburb of Nanjing during the winters of 2006 and 2007. Thirty-seven fog water samples were collected in nine fog events. Based on the chemical analysis results of those samples and the simultaneous measurements of air pollution gases and atmospheric aerosols, the chemical characteristics of fog water and their relations with air pollutants during fog evolution were investigated. The results revealed an average total inorganic ionic concentration TIC = 21.18 meq/L, and the top three ion concentrations were those of SO 4 2-

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“…This ratio in the dew samples collected at this site was found to be above unity (1.3). HARA et al (1995) suggested the use of a quantitative index pAi while discussing the acidbase relationship and the chemistry of different kinds of atmospheric water. pAi is the hypothetical pH of atmospheric water if no neutralization takes place for both sulfuric and nitric acid.…”

Section: Relationships Between Chemical Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition of Dew Resulting from Radiative Cooling at a Semi-arid Site in Agra, India

Lakhani

Parmar

Prakash

2011

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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Dew samples were collected between October 2007 and February 2008 from a suburban site in Agra. pH, conductivity, major inorganic ions (F -, Cl -, NO 3 -, SO 4 2-, Na ? , K ? , Ca 2? , Mg 2? , and NH 4 ? ), and some trace metals (Cr, Sn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Fe, Si, Al, V, and Cu) were determined to study the chemistry of dew water. The mean pH was 7.3, and the samples exhibited high ionic concentrations. Dew chemistry suggested both natural and anthropogenic influences, with acidity being neutralized by atmospheric ammonia and soil constituents. Ion deposition flux varied from 0.25 to 3.0 neq m -2 s -1 , with maximum values for Ca 2? followed by NH 4 ? , Mg 2? , SO 4 2-, Cl -, NO 3 -, Na ? , K ? , and F -. Concentrations of trace metals varied from 0.13 to 48 lg l -1 with maximum concentrations of Si and minimum concentration of Cd. Correlation analysis suggested their contributions from both crustal and anthropogenic sources.

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Precipitation chemistry in Japan 1989?1993

Cited by 52 publications

References 3 publications

Chemistry of Fog Water Collected in the Mt. Rokko Area (Kobe City, Japan) between April 1997 and March 2001

Chemistry of Fog Water Collected in the Mt. Rokko Area (Kobe City, Japan) between April 1997 and March 2001

Ion Composition of Fog Water and Its Relation to Air Pollutants during Winter Fog Events in Nanjing, China

Chemical Composition of Dew Resulting from Radiative Cooling at a Semi-arid Site in Agra, India

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