Precipitation: Its Acidic Nature

Frohliger, John O.; Kane, Robert J.

doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.455

Cited by 29 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…When two samples with relatively high pH levels are excluded, the average contribution of free acidity is increased to 81% of the total (27). In comparison, Frohliger and Kane (35) concluded that acid precipitation was caused by unidentified weak acids, but they titrated samples in a vessel open to the atmosphere, and their titrations apparently reflected absorption of CO2 between the atmosphere and the water sample (36). Our results agree well with those of Galloway et al (36) and confirm the hypothesis that acid rainfall is mainly caused by strong acids.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Chemistry of precipitation at Gainesville, Florida

Hendry¹,

Brezonik²

1980

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Chemical analyses of wet-only and bulk precipitation collected from June 1976 to July 1977 indicate that rain is the predominant deposition mechanism for SO42-, NH4"1", NO3-, Mg2+, and K+, but dry fallout is of comparable importance to rainfall for deposition of Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+. Heavy metal levels (especially Zn) were highly variable in both types of samples. The (volume-weighted) average concentrations of total nitrogen, NH4"1", and NO3-in bulk precipitation were 0.82, 0.12, and 0.23 mg of N/L, respectively. Averages for orthoand total phosphate were 24 and 85 Mg of P/L, respectively, in bulk precipitation and 19 and 34 pg/h in wet-only samples. Highest nutrient concentrations occurred in spring and early summer. Total loadings of N and P from bulk precipitation (1.15 g of N and 0.12 g of P/(m2-year)) are above permissible rates (relative to eutrophication) for shallow lakes.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Chemistry of precipitation at Gainesville, Florida

Hendry¹,

Brezonik²

1980

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…A portion of this weak acidity probably was due to the presence of carbonic acid because decreases in total acidity of 15 to 25% were found after removal of volatile gases by bubbling N2 gas through rain samples. Frohliger and Kane (1975) found ratios of 2 to 100 for rainfall in a rural area of Pennsylvania and have interpreted this to mean that strong acids do not play a major role in determining the pH of rainwater. The ratios of total to free H ions for precipitation in Yonkers ranged from 1.2 to 2.9 (Table I).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acidic precipitation at a site within the northeastern conurbation

Jacobson

Heller

Leuken

1976

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

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Rain and snow were collected in plastic beakers either manually or with a Wong sampler during 58 precipitation events in 1974 at Yonkers, New York approximately 24 km north of the center of New York City. Determinations were made of total dissolved ionic species, free H ions, total H ions, sulfate, nitrate, chloride, and fluoride. Conductivity measurements ranged from 6.8 to 162 gmhos, pH from 3.4 to 4.9, total acidity from 36 to 557 p.eq 1-1 sulfate from less than 1 to 20 mg 1 -I, nitrate from less than 1 to 14 mg 1-1, and chloride from less than 1 to 7 mg 1-1. All fluoride concentrations were less than 0.1 mg 1-1.The results indicate that precipitation at this suburban location adjacent to New York City is consistently acidic and contains concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and chloride which are similar to values found for other locations in the northeastern United States. Positive correlations were found between nitrate and sulfate concentrations and acidity suggesting that the atmospheric contaminants, SO2, and NO 2 are causally-related to the occurrence of acidic precipitation. Further research will be necessary to clarify the relative influence of natural and man-made sources of N and S compounds and the contributions of gaseous and particulate contaminants in the atmosphere to the acidity of precipitation at this location.

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“…Some reports from the United States claim that weak acids make up a major part of the acids in acid precipitation [37]. When the sample contains weak acids, the buffering capacity of these acids has to be taken into account.…”

Section: Concepts Of Atmospheric Aciditymentioning

confidence: 99%

The acidity problem ? An outline of concepts

Odén

Svante²

1976

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

139

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The nature and extent of acid precipitation is reviewed. Studies have shown that significant decreases in the pH of rain have occurred in Scandinavia and the northeastern United States during the last two decades. This increased acidity correlates well with anthropogenic activities that emit acidifying substances into the atmosphere. Problems of measurement and interpretation are discussed. Finally, a review of acid precipitation's impact on surface waters and on soils is presented.

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Precipitation: Its Acidic Nature

Cited by 29 publications

References 4 publications

Chemistry of precipitation at Gainesville, Florida

Chemistry of precipitation at Gainesville, Florida

Acidic precipitation at a site within the northeastern conurbation

The acidity problem ? An outline of concepts

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