Precise antibacterial therapeutics based on stimuli-responsive nanomaterials

Abstract

Bacterial infection refers to the process in which bacteria invade, grow, reproduce, and interact with the body, ultimately causing a series of pathological changes. Nowadays, bacterial infection remains a significant public health issue, posing a huge threat to human health and a serious financial burden. In the post-antibiotic era, traditional antibiotics are prone to inducing bacterial resistance and difficulty in removing bacterial biofilm. In recent years, antibacterial therapy based on nanomaterials has developed rapidly. Compared with traditional antibiotics, nanomaterials effectively remove bacterial biofilms and rarely result in bacterial resistance. However, due to nanomaterials’ strong permeability and effectiveness, they will easily cause cytotoxicity when they are not controlled. In addition, the antibacterial effect of non-responsive nanomaterials cannot be perfectly exerted since the drug release property or other antibacterial effects of these nano-materials are not be positively correlated with the intensity of bacterial infection. Stimuli-responsive antibacterial nanomaterials are a more advanced and intelligent class of nano drugs, which are controlled by exogenous stimuli and microenvironmental stimuli to change the dosage and intensity of treatment. The excellent spatiotemporal controllability enables stimuli-responsive nanomaterials to treat bacterial infections precisely. In this review, we first elaborate on the design principles of various stimuli-responsive antibacterial nanomaterials. Then, we analyze and summarizes the antibacterial properties, advantages and shortcomings of different applied anti-bacterial strategies based on stimuli-responsive nanomaterials. Finally, we propose the challenges of employing stimuli-responsive nanomaterials and corresponding potential solutions.

Polydopamine Nanocarriers with Cascade-Activated Nitric Oxide Release Combined Photothermal Activity for the Therapy of Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections

“…Among them, calcium peroxide nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for antibacterial applications because of their low toxicity and easy operation. , CaO 2 exhibits relative stability when dry, but gradually decomposes when comes in contact with water . CaO 2 has recently garnered attention in cancer therapy because of its ability to degrade within an acidic microenvironment, thereby facilitating H 2 O 2 liberation. , The bacterial biofilm microenvironment is similar to the tumor microenvironment, including a significantly lower pH than surrounding tissues. , Consequently, introducing CaO 2 nanoparticles allows for autonomous H 2 O 2 production during treatment.…”

“…37,38 The bacterial biofilm microenvironment is similar to the tumor microenvironment, including a significantly lower pH than surrounding tissues. 4,39 Consequently, introducing CaO 2 nanoparticles allows for autonomous H 2 O 2 production during treatment.…”