Precise measurement of laser power using an optomechanical system

Agatsuma, K.; Friedrich, Daniel; Ballmer, S. W.; DeSalvo, Giulia; Sakata, S.; Nishida, E.; Kawamura, Seiji

doi:10.1364/oe.22.002013

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The pressure induced by optical radiation was first described by J. C. Maxwell [4] and later physically demonstrated by Nichols and Hull [5]. Since then, several authors have developed sensitive force scales for precise measurement of photon-induced pressure [6][7][8][9][10], but these complex and expensive instruments have required special laboratory conditions, prohibiting them from widespread implementation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micromachined Force Scale for Optical Power Measurement by Radiation Pressure Sensing

et al. 2018

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We introduce a micromachined force scale for laser power measurement by means of radiation pressure sensing. With this technique, the measured laser light is not absorbed and can be utilized while being measured. We employ silicon micromachining technology to construct a miniature force scale, opening the potential to its use for fast in-line laser process monitoring. Here we describe the mechanical sensing principle and conversion to an electrical signal. We further outline an electrostatic force substitution process for nulling of the radiation pressure force on the sensor mirror. Finally, we look at the performance of a proof-of-concept device in open-loop operation (without the nulling electrostatic force) subjected to a modulated laser at 250 W and find its response time is less than 20 ms with noise floor dominated by electronics at 2.5 W/√Hz.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micromachined Force Scale for Optical Power Measurement by Radiation Pressure Sensing

et al. 2018

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“…The variability of the sensor in measuring circulating power inside the cavity is less than 3%. These uncertainties are similar to existing systems that link optical power and force without a cavity [2][3][4][5]9]. However, the addition of an optical cavity to the metrological system enables novel applications that systems lacking a cavity cannot duplicate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Direct measurement of radiation pressure and circulating power inside a passive optical cavity

Wagner¹,

Guzmán²,

Chijioke³

et al. 2018

Opt. Express

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A mechanical force sensor coupled to two optical cavities is developed as a metrological tool. This system is used to generate a calibrated circulating optical power and to create a transfer standard for externally coupled optical power. The variability of the sensor as a transfer standard for optical power is less than 2%. The uncertainty in using the sensor to measure the circulating power inside the cavity is less than 3%. The force measured from the mechanical response of the sensor is compared to the force predicted from characterizing the optical spectrum of the cavity. These two forces are approximately 20% different. Potential sources for this disagreement are analyzed and discussed. The sensor is compact, portable, and can operate in ambient and vacuum environments. This device provides a pathway to novel nanonewton scale force and milliwatt scale laser power calibrations, enables direct measurement of the circulating power inside an optical cavity, and enhances the sensitivity of radiation pressure-based optical power transfer standards.

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“…where m is mass, c is velocity of light in vacuum, h is Planck's constant, ( 133 Cs) hfs is the hyperfine splitting frequency of 133 Cs, and k m is a set of unitless scaling constants that are specific to the particular experiment used to perform the realization of the unit of mass. In the case of the Kibble (Watt) balance that will be used as one of the new primary standards, this scaling constant comes from the electrical and optical measurement traceability path used for the voltage, current and velocity metrology performed while the balance is weighing an object.…”

Section: Primary Small Mass and Force Facilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current state of the art in small mass and force metrology within the International System of Units

Shaw

2018

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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This review article summarizes new scientific trends in research for metrology of small mass (1 mg and lower) and small force (10 micronewtons and lower). After a brief introduction to the field, this paper provides an overview of recent developments in methods that demonstrate traceability to the International System of Units (SI) with emphasis on the implications of redefining the kilogram in terms of Planck’s constant. Specific research applications include new metrology facilities, calibration of small mass and force references such as milligram to submilligram masses or atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers, and laser power measurement using radiation pressure forces. Also discussed are recent scientific developments that may impact the field moving forward in the study of ultrasmall forces present in trapped and cooled quantum mechanical systems, resonant micro- and nanomechanical mass sensors, and other areas that are potentially well suited for SI metrology. The work reviewed is not intended as a comprehensive review of all research in which small forces are measured, but rather as an overview of a field in which the accurate measurement of small mass and force with quantified uncertainty is the primary goal.

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Precise measurement of laser power using an optomechanical system

Cited by 26 publications

References 15 publications

Micromachined Force Scale for Optical Power Measurement by Radiation Pressure Sensing

Micromachined Force Scale for Optical Power Measurement by Radiation Pressure Sensing

Direct measurement of radiation pressure and circulating power inside a passive optical cavity

Current state of the art in small mass and force metrology within the International System of Units

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