Precise measurement technology of soft-x-ray spectrum using dual transmission grating spectrometer

Abstract

A novel transmission grating spectrometer, called a dual-transmission grating spectrometer, has been designed and established. This spectrometer adopts two transmission gratings to disperse x rays twice, which suppresses the overlap of the grating higher-order diffraction, cuts out the transfer of experimental errors in unfolding the measured x-ray spectrum effectively, and increases the x-ray spectrum measurement precision. It was shown by experiment that the dual-transmission grating spectrometer was applicable to precisely measure the soft-x-ray spectrum from laser-created plasmas.

Experiments and analysis of gold disk targets irradiated by smoothing beams of Xingguang II facilities with 350 nm wavelength

“…The scheme of the experiments is shown schematically in Figure 3. The instruments used include a transmission grating spectrometer (TGS) [35] , a soft X-ray spectrometer (SXS) [36] and a set of plasma calorimeter array (PCA) [37] . A 2000 l/mm TGS located on the target chamber equator plane that measures the energy range at 50-1500 eV, in the direction of 75° with respect to the laser incidence, was used to measure the time-integrated soft X-ray spectrum emitted from targets.…”

Diagnosis of the soft X-ray spectrum emitted by laser-plasmas using a spectroscopic photon sieve

“…In contrast, transmission grating spectrographs (TGS) operating at normal incidence are convenient to use and can be coupled to detectors such as microchannel plates (MCPs) and charge-coupled-device (CCD) cameras for online monitoring (Fiedorowicz et al, 1996;Alexandrov et al, 1988;Zeng et al, 1992) and streak cameras for temporally resolved measurements (Fiedorowicz et al, 1996;Bourgade et al, 1988;Sigel et al, 1992). However, the so-called black-white transmission gratings, which have been presently used in soft X-ray spectroscopy studies (Fill et al, 1999;Yang et al, 2003), have inherent higher-order diffractions (Born & Wolf, 1999). However, the so-called black-white transmission gratings, which have been presently used in soft X-ray spectroscopy studies (Fill et al, 1999;Yang et al, 2003), have inherent higher-order diffractions (Born & Wolf, 1999).…”

“…As a matter of fact, TGS have been widely used in laser-plasma studies requiring a wide spectral range (0.5 nm-20 nm), and a moderate resolution (Fiedorowicz et al, 1996;Alexandrov et al, 1988;Eidmann et al, 1986;Bourgade et al, 1988;Zeng et al, 1992;Sigel et al, 1992). Furthermore, the diffractions from various orders may overlap one with others and a complex unfolding process is necessary to extract the usable first-order diffraction (Schriever et al, 1997;Yang et al, 2003;Eagleton & James, 2004). Furthermore, the diffractions from various orders may overlap one with others and a complex unfolding process is necessary to extract the usable first-order diffraction (Schriever et al, 1997;Yang et al, 2003;Eagleton & James, 2004).…”

Single order x-ray diffraction with binary sinusoidal transmission grating

“…Transmission gratings ͑TGs͒ presently used in soft x-ray spectroscopy, for observing both laboratory-generated and astrophysical plasmas, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] are the so-called black-white TGs. 10 They consist of a series of parallel slits on an opaque screen and have a binary transmission function as a square wave, and therefore behave as multiorder diffractors as described by the grating equation.…”