“…In comparison to metalloid atoms, nonmetal atoms (S and P) typically have larger radii, which are thus difficult to insert into adjacent metal–metal bonds. More often, under the action of external forces, insertion promotes the rearrangement of metal atoms or directly replaces the positions of metal atoms. − The strong electronegativity of nonmetals changes the surface electronic state of adjacent metal atoms. In metal–nonmetal alloy catalysts, the synergistic effects of nonmetal components and noble metal atoms accelerate the electron transfer between different active sites, reduce the energy barrier of reaction intermediates, and adjust the binding energy of the catalyst and the reaction species. , Therefore, metal–nonmetal alloy catalysts are widely used in small-molecule electrocatalytic reactions (oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), EOR, HER, etc .).…”