Precision medicine: from pharmacogenomics to pharmacoproteomics

Abstract

Disease progression and drug response may vary significantly from patient to patient. Fortunately, the rapid development of high-throughput ‘omics’ technologies has allowed for the identification of potential biomarkers that may aid in the understanding of the heterogeneities in disease development and treatment outcomes. However, mechanistic gaps remain when the genome or the proteome are investigated independently in response to drug treatment. In this article, we discuss the current status of pharmacogenomics in precision medicine and highlight the needs for concordant analysis at the proteome and metabolome levels via the more recently-evolved fields of pharmacoproteomics, toxicoproteomics, and pharmacometabolomics. Integrated ‘omics’ investigations will be critical in piecing together targetable mechanisms of action for both drug development and monitoring of therapy in order to fully apply precision medicine to the clinic.

Clinical application of a microfluidic chip for immunocapture and quantification of circulating exosomes to assist breast cancer diagnosis and molecular classification

“…Personalized medicine suggests that the tumor therapy should be determined according to individual characteristics and responses to the specific treatment [15, 37]. The development of trastuzumab has dramatically increased the survival in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer [38–40].…”

Environmental Influences in the Etiology of Colorectal Cancer: the Premise of Metabolomics

“…Ultimately, the greatest impact of any metabolomics technology in CRC investigation lies within the integration of metabolic data into multi-dimensional datasets forming a systems wide approach. Only by combining information from pharmacogenomics (131), pharmacoproteomic (132) and transcriptomic experiments alongside drug pharmacology based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics processes (133) can the fullest picture of how an individual will respond to drug intervention be painted.…”

Historical root of precision medicine: an ancient concept concordant with the modern pharmacotherapy

“…In which choosing the appropriate medication is based on the personal characteristics and individual differences [1]. Based on pharmacogenomics approaches, mapping the human genome in various diseases were applied to find the most effective medication with the least side effects for different people [1, 2].…”

“…In which choosing the appropriate medication is based on the personal characteristics and individual differences [1]. Based on pharmacogenomics approaches, mapping the human genome in various diseases were applied to find the most effective medication with the least side effects for different people [1, 2]. Moreover most diseases are multi-factorial and caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors because the proteome as a dynamic entity specific to cells and tissues is affected by the environment; therefore multifactorial diseases could be redefined based on proteomics [2, 3].…”