Preclinical Trial of Traditional Plant Remedies for the Treatment of Complications of Gestational Malaria

Abstract

Background: Most pregnant women living in high malaria endemic regions of Nigeria use herbal remedies for the management of malaria-in-pregnancy, rather than the commonly prescribed drugs. Remedies common to this area involve a suspension of A. indica (AI) leaves and in some cases, a suspension containing a mixture of AI and D.edulis (PS). Aim: This study examined the therapeutic efficacies of AI, PS, or a combination of AI and PS in a pregnant rat model for exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum parasite. Method: A predetermined sample size of 30 dams was used (for a power level and confidence interval of 95%), and divided equally into six groups made up of non-malarous dams, untreated malarous dams, and malarous dams either treated exclusively with 1 mL of 3000 mg/kg b.w AI, 1000 mg/kg b.w PS, AI + PS (50% v/v), or 25 mg/kg b.w CQ. Result: No maternal mortality was recorded. AI significantly improved maternal weight gain from 32.4 to 82.2 g and placental weight from 0.44 to 0.53 g. In the curative test, AI and AI + PS significantly reduced the average percentage parasitemia (APP) in the pregnant rats from >80% to <20%. No significant difference in the APP was found between the pregnant rats treated with any of CQ or AI during the suppressive test. Results for the prophylactic test of the study groups showed that the APP was significantly reduced from 24.69% to 3.90% when treated with AI and 3.67% when combined with PS. AI + PS reduced diastolic blood pressure from 89.0 to 81.0 mm/Hg and compared with that of the non malarous dams. AI or AI + PS significantly increased the platelet counts (103 µL) from 214.1 to 364.5 and 351.2, respectively. AI and AI + PS improved birth weight from 2.5 to 3.9 g and crown rump length from 2.6 to 4.1 cm. For biomarkers of preeclampsia, combining AI and PS led to the reversal of the altered levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, cardiac troponin, soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1, and placental growth factor. Conclusions: This study validates the use of A. indica for the treatment of gestational malaria due to its antiplasmodial and related therapeutic effects and in combination with pear seeds for the management of malaria-in-pregnancy-induced preeclampsia.

The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica

“…Despite the lack of controlled human studies, the malaria mouse model has been used to demonstrate that neem bark and seed extracts are active against Plasmodium infection both alone and as part of a polyherbal mixture; in the case of the bark extract, this was indicated by parasite suppression or decreased erythrocyte infection ( Habluetzel et al, 2019 ; Alaribe et al, 2021 ). The gestational malaria mouse model has also been used to show that administration of A. indica leaves improves the overall health of P. falciparum -infected dams, including reduced parasitemia, increased platelet counts, lower levels of preeclampsia biomarkers, and increased birth weight of pups ( Amadi et al, 2021 ). Additionally, the limonoid deacetylnimbin, which is found within neem seed extracts, is able to interfere with the early sporogony stages of P. bergehi ; this finding suggests that certain neem-associated phytochemicals may have the ability to limit Plasmodium transmissibility, warranting further investigation in other models and clinical trials ( Tapanelli et al, 2016 ).…”