Precocial sexual behaviour in imprinted male turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

Schulman, Allan H.

doi:10.1016/0003-3472(70)90023-0

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It must be stressed that oil-injected 8 5 also displayed some sexual activities. This result is not very surprising, as it was formerly observed in other bird species (chicken: ANDREW 1966;turkey: SCHLEIDT 1970;SCHULMAN 1970). However, to our knowledge, it had never been clearly reported in intact ducklings so far.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of Testosterone Propionate and Pituitary-adrenal Hormones on the Social Behaviour of Male Ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos L.) in two Test Situations

Deviche

2010

Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie

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This experiment was designed to study in male ducklings the behavioural influence of testosterone propionate (= TP) injections, combined with pituitary‐adrenal hormones administration, in two test situations: in groups of birds from the same residence cage or from visually isolated cages. It appears from the results that TP administration increased sexual but not aggressive behaviour, while pituitary‐adrenal hormones induced very few effects. The responses of the birds were however modulated to a large extent by the type of test situation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of Testosterone Propionate and Pituitary-adrenal Hormones on the Social Behaviour of Male Ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos L.) in two Test Situations

Deviche

2010

Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie

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“…However, several authors have shown that testosterone can induce display behaviour in very young birds (e.g. Schein & Hale 1959;Andrew 1966Andrew , 1969Schleidt 1970;Schulman 1970;Schleidt & Shalter 1973). Indirect evidence, obtained from the development of the plumage of the isolated gulls, also suggests that the occurrence of incomplete forms in these birds could have been the result of a relatively low level of testosterone (Groothuis 1992).…”

Section: Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of testosterone on the development and fixation of the form of displays in two age classes of young black-headed gulls

Groothuis

Meeuwissen

1992

Animal Behaviour

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“…The early performance of complete display patterns which are occasionally seen in young of several species could then be caused by an extraordinary stimulus, strong enough to trigger the most "intensive" form. Indeed, most reports on early complete display performance suggest the presence of such an extraordinary stimulus: for example the introduction of an imprinting object or conspecifics after a period in which the young bird was raised apart from this stumulus (KLOPMAN, 1961;KRUIJT, 1964;SCHULMAN, 1970). If this interpretation is correct, the question is not only how the neural coordination for the correct species-specific form develops during early ontogeny, but also what kind of ontogenetic changes causes the complete display to occur more frequently after its development.…”

Section: Regardlessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, a gradual shift in their form during ontogeny, often from what is called "simple" to "more complex" has been suggested (e.g. VAN DE BURG, 1976;DANE et al, 1964;FARRIS, 1967;FISCHER, 1965;Fox, 1970;HENTY, 1966;KRUIJT, 1964;MOYNIHAN, 1959;PLATZ, 1974;WILEY, 1973;WILLIAMS, 1972;WYMAN & WARD, 1973 (1966,1969); strutting in turkey chickens: SCHLEIDT (1970); SCHULMAN (1970). ROGGENBRUCK (1986) and STAMPS (1978) studied the form development of displays in lizards in more detail and found adult-like displays in very young lizards.…”

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confidence: 99%

On the Ontogeny of Display Behaviour in the Black-Headed Gull: I. the Gradual Emergence of the Adult Forms

Groothuis

1989

Behav

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The central question in this paper concerns the mechanism by which displays develop their species-specific sterotyped form. To this end the ontogeny of display behaviour in the black-headed gull was studied in birds kept and raised in aviaries. First it was analyzed whether the complete adult form of the display is present early in the chick, or whether it develops gradually over a longer period. Second, to answer the question whether experience with incomplete forms of display is necessary to develop the complete form, the normal display development was manipulated. The descriptive part of the results deals with a detailed quantitative description of the form development in 3 agonistic displays: choking, oblique and forward, and with the development of the begging display. Data are presented concerning: ontogenetic changes in frequency of several form elements of postures and vocalizations, changes in their combinations, changes in duration of displays and changes in the context and sequences of displays. The development of these displays is summarized in Fig. 2. Choking develops from crouching via incomplete forms of choking. First a choking-like vocalization develops in which the notes are more and more placed in a stereotyped rhythm. This call is performed by young chicks first during crouching, but later almost exclusively during choking-like postures in which the bill points downwards. During ontogeny, these bill-down postures are increasingly performed with extended carpal joints, with a tilted body, with head movements, and while standing and not hiding, in this order. From the age of two weeks on, the young regularly extend the neck upwards while choking. These postures are increasingly performed with a particular modification of the choking-like vocalization, which gradually develops to the adult long-call, typical for the adult oblique display. Two independent sound sources in the vocal apparatus of the gull seem to be involved in the development of the long-call. Early oblique-like postures are often performed with the bill held down, as in choking. Older young perform oblique-like postures more often with bill positions typical for adults, but with the neck held vertically. Young older than 10 weeks often perform normal adult oblique postures. By this time the duration of the postures has increased considerably. The sequence of the oblique with the forward, which is typical for adults, is also regularly seen from this time onwards. Begging consists of a rapid up-and-down movement of the head; during every downward movement a specific call is uttered. In very young chicks, this display is hardly distinguishable from the alert posture. During ontogeny, the duration of the pumping bouts increases, while the form changes. This change in form is due to the fact that the incomplete form of the forward becomes integrated in the begging display, while this posture also changes in form. This integration of the alert and the incomplete form of the forward is reflected by the fact that in the begging display both the call typical for the alert posture, and the call typical for the incomplete forward posture, is given. The forward develops by a gradual lowering of the head and a more pronounced extension of the neck, while the carpal joints are increasingly raised. Adult gulls often perform the posture with an upward pointed bill and a bent in the neck. In accord with data from the literature it was found that under special conditions the young chick is capable of performing adult display. As a rule, however, before the tenth week of age, young gulls show incomplete forms of display. All species-specific adult displays, postures as well as vocalizations, develop gradually towards a more complete and pronounced form. This process takes place by addition of new form elements to already existing combinations, and by changes in the form of some elements. A display can also be built upon elements of another display. Nevertheless, the development of the form of the displays cannot be attributed to an increasing amount of coordination of the different elements; only the expression of the complete pattern increases with age. For the occurrence of one form element of an adult display in the precursor display of the chick is positively correlated with the occurrence of other such elements in that incomplete display. This already is the case early in ontogeny, before the complete form is regularly performed. The adult displays are not completely fixed in their form, and the variability in some displays of adults is of the same order as in the chick. The second part of this paper deals with an experiment in which the normal course of the development of display behaviour was manipulated. Since the displays seem to develop during social interactions with parents (the begging display) or with intruders on the territory (the agonistic displays), young birds are raised in small groups with conspecifics of the same age. Agonistic- and begging interactions in these groups are rare an the development of display behaviour, both in frequency and in form, is retarded. Based on the frequency of overt aggression and on the plumage of the birds, it is likely that in these birds also the development of agonistic behaviour and the testosterone production is retarded. At the age of 15 weeks, these birds are confronted with unknown conspecifics. Although the frequency of the displays increases during the test, the form of the postures still appears to be incomplete; the birds do not seem to be able to perform complete display postures at an age at which normally raised birds perform complete display very often. Based on the data of both the descriptive study as well as the experiment, possible mechanisms for the development of display behaviour arc discussed. The main items are: "imitation"; "matching" on the basis of feedback of the performed display via reactions of conspecifics or proprioceptive information and development of motivational factors including testosterone. This discussion lays the basis for a series of experiments which will be reported separately.

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Precocial sexual behaviour in imprinted male turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Effects of Testosterone Propionate and Pituitary-adrenal Hormones on the Social Behaviour of Male Ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos L.) in two Test Situations

Effects of Testosterone Propionate and Pituitary-adrenal Hormones on the Social Behaviour of Male Ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos L.) in two Test Situations

The influence of testosterone on the development and fixation of the form of displays in two age classes of young black-headed gulls

On the Ontogeny of Display Behaviour in the Black-Headed Gull: I. the Gradual Emergence of the Adult Forms

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