Predation drives local adaptation of phenotypic plasticity

Reger, Julia; Lind, Martin I.; Robinson, Matthew R.; Beckerman, Andrew P.

doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0373-6

Cited by 50 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In some species, predation pressure may induce plastic changes in life‐history traits, most notably somatic growth rate or age and size at reproductive maturity, as has been shown for Daphnia (Reger et al . ). Certain behavioural responses can also be considered inducible defences, such as predator avoidance in snails (Luquet & Tariel ), phototactic behaviour in zooplankton (De Meester ; Cousyn et al .…”

Section: Descriptions Of the Three Approachesmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Modelling inducible defences in predator–prey interactions: assumptions and dynamical consequences of three distinct approaches

et al. 2018

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Inducible defences against predation are widespread in the natural world, allowing prey to economise on the costs of defence when predation risk varies over time or is spatially structured. Through interspecific interactions, inducible defences have major impacts on ecological dynamics, particularly predator–prey stability and phase lag. Researchers have developed multiple distinct approaches, each reflecting assumptions appropriate for particular ecological communities. Yet, the impact of inducible defences on ecological dynamics can be highly sensitive to the modelling approach used, making the choice of model a critical decision that affects interpretation of the dynamical consequences of inducible defences. Here, we review three existing approaches to modelling inducible defences: Switching Function, Fitness Gradient and Optimal Trait. We assess when and how the dynamical outcomes of these approaches differ from each other, from classic predator–prey dynamics and from commonly observed eco‐evolutionary dynamics with evolving, but non‐inducible, prey defences. We point out that the Switching Function models tend to stabilise population dynamics, and the Fitness Gradient models should be carefully used, as the difference with evolutionary dynamics is important. We discuss advantages of each approach for applications to ecological systems with particular features, with the goal of providing guidelines for future researchers to build on.

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Section: Descriptions Of the Three Approachesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Finally, multivariate life‐history defences, such as changes in age and size at maturity and somatic growth rate in Daphnia (Reger et al . ), may require more complex modelling approaches, including individual‐based modelling (Vos et al . ; DeAngelis et al .…”

Section: Comparison Of the Three Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling inducible defences in predator–prey interactions: assumptions and dynamical consequences of three distinct approaches

et al. 2018

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“…The relationship between environmental variation and organismal per-78 formance thus often results in a bell-shaped curve with performance decreasing away from an optimal environmental condition. Yet, not only do species differ in the breadth of their niche, they also differ in their environmental tolerance and plasticity among populations 81 within their range (e.g., Macdonald and Chinnappa, 1989;Woods et al, 2012;Bennett et al, 2015;Lancaster, 2016;Toftegaard et al, 2016;Reger et al, 2018). For example, terrestrial ectotherms often exhibit clines in environmental tolerance (including arthropods, 84 amphibians, and reptiles) with broader thermal tolerances at high latitudes compared to species or populations near the equator (Addo-Bediako et al, 2000;Gaston, 2009;Sunday et al, 2012;Lancaster et al, 2015;Lancaster, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species’ range dynamics affect the evolution of spatial variation in plasticity under environmental change

Schmid

Dallo

Guillaume

2018

Preprint

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While clines in environmental tolerance and phenotypic plasticity along a single species’ range are widespread and of special interest in the context of adaptation to environmental changes, we know little about their evolution. Recent empirical findings in ectotherms suggest that processes underlying dynamic species’ ranges can give rise to spatial differences in environmental tolerance and phenotypic plasticity within species. We used individual-based simulations to investigate how plasticity and tolerance evolve in the course of three scenarios of species’ range shifts and range expansions on environmental gradients. We found that regions of a species’ range which experienced a longer history or larger extent of environmental change generally exhibited increased plasticity or tolerance. Such regions may be at the trailing edge when a species is tracking its ecological niche in space (e.g., in a climate change scenario) or at the front edge when a species expands into a new habitat (e.g., in an expansion/invasion scenario). Elevated tolerance and plasticity in the distribution center was detected when asymmetric environmental change (e.g., polar amplification) led to a range expansion. Greater gene flow across the range had a dual effect on plasticity and tolerance clines, with an amplifying effect in niche expansion scenarios (allowing for faster colonization into novel environments), but with a dampening effect in range shift scenarios (favoring spatial translocation of adapted genotypes). However, tolerance and plasticity clines were transient and slowly flattened out after range dynamics because of genetic assimilation. In general, our approach allowed us to investigate the evolution of environmental tolerance and phenotypic plasticity under transient evolutionary dynamics in non-equilibrium situations, which contributes to a better understanding of observed patterns and of how species may respond to future environmental changes.Impact SummaryIn a variable and changing environment, the ability of a species to cope with a range of selection pressures and a multitude of environmental conditions is critical, both for its’ spatial distribution and its’ long-term persistence. Striking examples of spatial differences in environmental tolerance have been found within species, when single populations differed from each other in their environmental optimum and tolerance breadth, a characteristic that might strongly modify a species’ response to future environmental change. However, we still know little about the evolutionary processes causing these tolerance differences between populations, especially when the differences result from transient evolutionary dynamics in non-equilibrium situations. We demonstrate with individual-based simulations, how spatial differences in environmental tolerance and phenotypic plasticity evolved across a species’ range during three scenarios of range shifts and range expansion. Range dynamics were either driven by environmental change or by the expansion of the ecological niche. The outcome strongly differed between scenarios as tolerance and plasticity were maximized either at the leading edge, at the trailing edge, or in the middle of the species’ range. Spatial tolerance variation resulted from colonization chronologies and histories of environmental change that varied along the range. Subsequent to the range dynamics, the tolerance and plasticity clines slowly leveled out again as result of genetic assimilation such that the described responses are long-lasting, but in the end temporary. These findings help us better understand species’ evolutionary responses during range shifts and range expansion, especially when facing environmental change.

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“…Apesar dos efeitos nas interações predadores-presas serem fundamentais na evolução das espécies [35], pouco se sabe sobre como o fogo influencia tais interações, uma vez que até o presente momento a atenção dos pesquisadores tem sido dada predominantemente a efeitos ecológicos e evolutivos do fogo nas plantas [36]. Porém, um estudo mostrou que após um ano da queimada, populações de gafanhotos apresentaram até 46% de indivíduos melânicos, ao passo que em áreas não queimadas as populações não chegaram a 10% [32].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

O lado escuro do pós-fogo: artrópodes selecionam substratos alterados por correspondência de fundo?

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Predation drives local adaptation of phenotypic plasticity

Cited by 50 publications

References 51 publications

Modelling inducible defences in predator–prey interactions: assumptions and dynamical consequences of three distinct approaches

Modelling inducible defences in predator–prey interactions: assumptions and dynamical consequences of three distinct approaches

Species’ range dynamics affect the evolution of spatial variation in plasticity under environmental change

O lado escuro do pós-fogo: artrópodes selecionam substratos alterados por correspondência de fundo?

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