“…In biocontrol, more generally, the ways in which risk-induced trait responses might mitigate or amplify management practices are being increasingly recognised (Culshaw-Maurer et al, 2020), and NCEs have now been observed in many agricultural pest species. For example, effects of risk-induced trait responses on pest demographic rates have been demonstrated in aphids (Bannerman et al, 2011;Fievet et al, 2008;Nelson, 2007), spider mites (Gyuris et al, 2017;Ristyadi et al, 2022), planthoppers (Wen & Ueno, 2021) and lepidopterans (Griffin & Thaler, 2006;Xiong et al, 2015). Risk-induced stress responses, and predator avoidance behaviours in particular, can be leveraged to reduce pest populations by deploying predator cues (e.g., pheromones) rather than predators themselves (Aflitto & Thaler, 2020).…”