Predator-induced stress makes the pesticide carbaryl more deadly to gray treefrog tadpoles (
            <i>Hyla versicolor</i>
            )

Relyea, Rick A.; Mills, Nathan E.

doi:10.1073/pnas.031076198

Cited by 358 publications

(346 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Even if road salt is an important selection agent in roadside ponds, the context in which it acts may be critical in shaping selection and local adaptation. For example, whereas woodland populations better tolerate chloride in the laboratory, roadside populations may better tolerate chloride in the field, where multiple stressors such as predation and competition are at play (e.g., Relyea & Mills, 2001). Relatedly, the difference in mortality in the acute exposures reported here occurred at chloride concentrations above that found in roadside ponds and thus might not correlate with fitness effects in the wild.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating evolutionary insights to improve ecotoxicology for freshwater species

Brady

Richardson

Kunz

2017

Evolutionary Applications

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Ecotoxicological studies have provided extensive insights into the lethal and sublethal effects of environmental contaminants. These insights are critical for environmental regulatory frameworks, which rely on knowledge of toxicity for developing policies to manage contaminants. While varied approaches have been applied to ecotoxicological questions, perspectives related to the evolutionary history of focal species or populations have received little consideration. Here, we evaluate chloride toxicity from the perspectives of both macroevolution and contemporary evolution. First, by mapping chloride toxicity values derived from the literature onto a phylogeny of macroinvertebrates, fish, and amphibians, we tested whether macroevolutionary relationships across species and taxa are predictive of chloride tolerance. Next, we conducted chloride exposure tests for two amphibian species to assess whether potential contemporary evolutionary change associated with environmental chloride contamination influences chloride tolerance across local populations. We show that explicitly evaluating both macroevolution and contemporary evolution can provide important and even qualitatively different insights from those obtained via traditional ecotoxicological studies. While macroevolutionary perspectives can help forecast toxicological end points for species with untested sensitivities, contemporary evolutionary perspectives demonstrate the need to consider the environmental context of exposed populations when measuring toxicity. Accounting for divergence among populations of interest can provide more accurate and relevant information related to the sensitivity of populations that may be evolving in response to selection from contaminant exposure. Our data show that approaches accounting for and specifically examining variation among natural populations should become standard practice in ecotoxicology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating evolutionary insights to improve ecotoxicology for freshwater species

Brady

Richardson

Kunz

2017

Evolutionary Applications

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“…A wide variety of pesticides were detected in water, sediment and tissues collected (Tables A1 and A3-A5) including several fungicides (some previously unreported). Previous studies have focused on the effects of the herbicides glyphosate and atrazine (Mann et al, 2009;Hayes et al, 2003;Relyea, 2005); the insecticides carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and endosulfan (Relyea and Mills, 2001;Sparling and Fellers, 2009) and the fungicides azoxystrobin, propiconazole, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin (Belden et al, 2010;Hartman et al, 2014). In most cases, agrochemicals in high doses have direct lethal effects on amphibians but these concentrations are not typically measured in the environment.…”

Section: Potential Impacts To Amphibiansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decreases in growth and development have also been observed after exposure to fungicide formulations containing pyraclostrobin (Hartman et al, 2014). Laboratory studies designed to identify acute and chronic effects frequently focus on a single compound or a specific class of compounds that are often conducted in simplified mesocosm settings (Relyea and Mills, 2001;Relyea, 2005;Boone et al, 2005;Boone, 2008). However, pesticides in the environment exist as mixtures and efforts in the field to elucidate some of these relationships in non-laboratory settings have been limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide concentrations in frog tissue and wetland habitats in a landscape dominated by agriculture

Smalling

Reeves

Muths

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

127

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Habitat loss and exposure to pesticides are likely primary factors contributing to amphibian decline in agricultural landscapes. Conservation efforts have attempted to restore wetlands lost through landscape modifications to reduce contaminant loads in surface waters and providing quality habitat to wildlife. The benefits of this increased wetland area, perhaps especially for amphibians, may be negated if habitat quality is insufficient to support persistent populations. We examined the presence of pesticides and nutrients in water and sediment as indicators of habitat quality and assessed the bioaccumulation of pesticides in the tissue of twonative amphibian species Pseudacris maculata (chorus frogs) and Lithobates pipiens (leopard frogs) at six wetlands (3 restored and 3 reference) in Iowa, USA. Restored wetlands are positioned on the landscape to receive subsurface tile drainage water while referencewetlands receive water fromoverland run-off and shallow groundwater sources. Concentrations of the pesticides frequently detected inwater and sediment samples were not different between wetland types. The median concentration of atrazine in surface water was 0.2 μg/ L. Reproductive abnormalities in leopard frogs have been observed in other studies at these concentrations. Nutrient concentrations were higher in the restored wetlands but lower than concentrations thought lethal to frogs. Complex mixtures of pesticides including up to 8 fungicides, some previously unreported in tissue, were detected with concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 1500 μg/kg wet weight. No significant differences in pesticide concentrations were observed between species, although concentrations tended to be higher in leopard frogs compared to chorus frogs, possibly because of differences in life histories. Our results provide information on habitat quality in restored wetlands that will assist state and federal agencies, landowners, and resource managers in identifying and implementing conservation and management actions for these and similar wetlands in agriculturally dominated landscapes. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. H I G H L I G H T S• Habitat quality was similar between restored and reference wetlands in Iowa.• Complex mixtures of pesticides are detected in frog tissues (liver and whole body).• The number of fungicides (up to 8) in frog tissues is largest reported to date.• Life history has the potential to impact pesticide bioaccumulation in frogs. Habitat loss and exposure to pesticides are likely primary factors contributing to amphibian decline in agricultural landscapes. Conservation efforts have attempted to restore wetlands lost through landscape modifications to reduce contaminant loads in surface waters and providing quality habitat to wildlife. The benefits of this increased wetland area, perhaps especially for amphibians, may be negated if habitat quality is insufficient t...

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“…High salinity results in reduced tadpole survival and delayed metamorphosis (Hopkins and Brodie 2015). Herbicide exposure reduces amphibian diversity and alters the outcome of competition interactions (Relyea and Mills 2001). Water acidity also reduces survival and slows down development in embryos and larvae, particularly at pH 4.5 or lower (Merilä et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Stress Responses in Amphibian Larvae to Multiple Stressors Reveal Marked Anthropogenic Effects even below Lethal Levels

Burraco

Gómez-Mestre

2016

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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Natural and anthropogenic disturbances cause profound alterations in organisms, inducing physiological adjustments to avoid, reduce, or remedy the impact of disturbances. In vertebrates, the stress response is regulated via neuroendocrine pathways, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis that regulates the secretion of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have cascading effects on multiple physiological pathways, affecting the metabolic rate, reactive oxygen species production, or immune system. Determining the extent to which natural and anthropogenic environmental factors induce stress responses in vertebrates is of great importance in ecology and conservation biology. Here we study the physiological stress response in spadefoot toad tadpoles (Pelobates cultripes) against three levels of a series of natural and anthropogenic stressors common to many aquatic systems: salinity (0, 6, and 9 ppt), herbicide (0, 1, and 2 mg/L acid equivalent of glyphosate), water acidity (pH 4.5, 7.0, and 9.5), predators (absent, native, and invasive), and temperature (217, 257, and 297C). The physiological stress response was assessed examining corticosterone levels, standard metabolic rate, activity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative cellular damage in lipids, and immunological status. We found that common stressors substantially altered the physiological state of tadpoles. In particular, salinity and herbicides cause dramatic physiological changes in tadpoles. Moreover, tadpoles reduced corticosterone levels in the presence of natural predators but did not do so against invasive predators, indicating a lack of innate recognition. Corticosterone and the antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase were the most sensitive parameters to stress in this study. Anthropogenic perturbations of aquatic systems pose serious threats to larval amphibians even at nonlethal concentrations, judging from the marked physiological stress responses generated, and reveal the importance of incorporating physiological information onto conservation, ecological, and evolutionary studies.

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Predator-induced stress makes the pesticide carbaryl more deadly to gray treefrog tadpoles ( Hyla versicolor )

Cited by 358 publications

References 37 publications

Incorporating evolutionary insights to improve ecotoxicology for freshwater species

Incorporating evolutionary insights to improve ecotoxicology for freshwater species

Pesticide concentrations in frog tissue and wetland habitats in a landscape dominated by agriculture

Physiological Stress Responses in Amphibian Larvae to Multiple Stressors Reveal Marked Anthropogenic Effects even below Lethal Levels

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