Predicted Pollen Dispersal by Honey-Bees and Three Species of Bumble-Bees Foraging on Oil-Seed Rape: A Comparison of Three Models

Cresswell, JE; Bassom, Andrew P.; Bell, S. A.; Collins, SJ; Kelly, T.W.

doi:10.2307/2389980

Cited by 78 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Previous research has shown pollinators entering large monoculture fields may settle first at the edge and then move inward, increasing outcrossing at the field margin (Ramsay, 2005). In addition, studies have shown that pollinators deposit pollen from the first plant visited to the next few visited plants, creating a pattern of outcrossing referred to as a paternity shadow (Cresswell et al, 1995). If pollinators at the Chilean and Westwold sites followed these patterns of behavior, crossfertilization rates would depend on the direction they approached the safflower and where they would perceive the edge to be.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic safflower (CarthamustinctoriusL.) intended for plant molecular farming to conventional safflower

McPherson

Good

Topinka

et al. 2009

Environ. Biosafety Res.

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Field experiments were conducted in Chile and western Canada to measure short-distance (0 to 100 m) outcrossing from transgenic safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) intended for plant molecular farming to nontransgenic commodity safflower of the same variety. The transgenic safflower used as the pollen source was transformed with a construct for seed-specific expression of a high-value protein and constitutive expression of a gene conferring resistance to the broad-spectrum herbicide glufosinate. Progeny of non-transgenic plants grown in plots adjacent to the transgenic pollen source were screened for glufosinate resistance to measure outcrossing frequency. Outcrossing frequency differed among locations: values closest to the transgenic pollen source (0 to 3 m) ranged from 0.48 to 1.67% and rapidly declined to between 0.0024 to 0.03% at distances of 50 to 100 m. At each location, outcrossing frequency was spatially heterogeneous, indicating insects or wind moved pollen asymmetrically. A power analysis assuming a binomial distribution and a range of alpha values (type 1 error) was conducted to estimate an upper and lower confidence interval for the probable transgenic seed frequency in each sample. This facilitated interpretation when large numbers of seeds were screened from the outcrossing experiments and no transgenic seeds were found. This study should aid regulators and the plant molecular farming industry in developing confinement strategies to mitigate pollen mediated gene flow from transgenic to non-transgenic safflower.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic safflower (CarthamustinctoriusL.) intended for plant molecular farming to conventional safflower

McPherson

Good

Topinka

et al. 2009

Environ. Biosafety Res.

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“…Insects like honeybees (Apis mellifera) and pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus) play an important role in pollen dispersal over longer distances. Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) on the other hand, having higher site fidelity than honeybees, transfer the collected pollen within shorter distances of the first collection point (Cresswell et al, 1995(Cresswell et al, , 2002Osborne et al, 1999;Ramsay et al, 1999Ramsay et al, , 2003Scheffler et al, 1993Scheffler et al, , 1995Simpson et al, 1999;Timmons et al, 1995Timmons et al, , 1996. The flowering period of individual oilseed rape plants generally lasts 3 to 4 weeks.…”

Section: Pollen Dispersal In Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Management of herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape in Europe: a case study on minimizing vertical gene flow

Devos

Reheul

Schrijver

et al. 2004

Environ. Biosafety Res.

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The potential commercialization of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape in Europe raises various concerns about their potential environmental and agronomic impacts, especially those associated with the escape of transgenes. Pollen of oilseed rape can be dispersed in space, resulting in the fertilization of sympatric compatible wild relatives (e.g. Brassica rapa) and oilseed rape cultivars grown nearby (GM and/or non-GM Brassica napus). The spatial and temporal dispersal of seeds of oilseed rape may lead to feral oilseed rape populations outside the cropped areas and oilseed rape volunteers in subsequent crops in the rotation. The incorporation of a HT trait(s) may increase the fitness of the recipient plants, making them more abundant and persistent, and may result in weeds that are difficult to control by the herbicide(s) to which they are tolerant. Vertical gene flow from transgenic oilseed rape to non-GM counterparts may also have an impact on farming and supply chain management, depending on labelling thresholds for the adventitious presence of GM material in non-GM products. Given the extent of pollen and seed dispersal in oilseed rape, it is obvious that the safe and sound integration of GMHT oilseed rape in Europe may require significant on-farm and off-farm management efforts. Crucial practical measures that can reduce vertical gene flow include (1) isolating seed production of Brassica napus, (2) the use of certified seed, (3) isolating fields of GM oilseed rape, (4) harvesting at the correct crop development stage with properly adjusted combine settings, (5) ensuring maximum germination of shed seeds after harvest, (6) controlling volunteers in subsequent crops, and (7) keeping on-farm records. The implementation of the recommended practices may, however, be difficult, entailing various challenges.

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“…Our results indicate that pollen-borne substances that induce wilting can evolve as a result of conflict between pollen donors and recipients over floral receptivity and that recipients can evolve resistance to pollen-borne wilting substances by delaying the onset of stigmatic receptivity after the flower opens. Importantly, this shows that male manipulation can evolve even when pollen carryover leads to the arrival of pollen from more than one competitor at the same time, which may happen frequently in plants (e.g., Schaal 1980;Thomson and Plowright 1980;Cresswell et al 1995). Analogous to the ''tragedy of the commons'' (Hardin 1968), the male benefit of reducing female receptivity in plants with pollen carryover will be lower compared to a situation when females receive sperm from different males in consecutive matings (as is typical for most animals).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sexual Conflict Over Floral Receptivity

Lankinen

Hellriegel

Bernasconi

2006

Evol

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Abstract. In flowering plants, the onset and duration of female receptivity vary among species. In several species the receptive structures wilt upon pollination. Here we explore the hypothesis that postpollination wilting may be influenced by pollen and serve as a general means to secure paternity of the pollen donor at the expense of female fitness. Taking a game-theoretical approach, we examine the potential for the evolution of a pollen-borne wilting substance, and for the coevolution of a defense strategy by the recipient plant. The model without defense predicts an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for the production of wilting substance. The ESS value is highest when pollinator visiting rates are intermediate and when the probability that pollen from several donors arrives at the same time is low. This finding has general implications in that it shows that male traits to secure paternity also can evolve in species, such as plants, where mating is not strictly sequential. We further model coevolution of the wilting substance with the timing of stigma receptivity. We assume that pollen-receiving plants can reduce the costs induced by toxic pollen by delaying the onset of stigmatic receptivity. The model predicts a joint ESS, but no female counter-adaptation when the wilting substance is highly toxic. This indicates that toxicity affects the probability that a male manipulative trait stays beneficial (i.e., not countered by female defense) over evolutionary time. We discuss parallels to male induced changes in female receptivity known to occur in animals and the role of harm for the evolution of male manipulative adaptations.Key words. Arms race, floral longevity, pollen competition, pollination, protandry, receptivity.Over all reproductive modules, the female function of many plant species is often pollen limited . Nevertheless, in animal-pollinated plants, pollen deposited on single flowers often exceeds the number of fertilizable ovules (Levin 1990;Bernasconi et al. 2006a) and is derived from genetically different pollen donors (Ellstrand 1984;Marshall and Ellstrand 1985;Campbell 1998; S. Teixeira and G. Bernasconi, unpubl. ms.), providing opportunity for competition among different pollen donors for fathering the seeds (Delph and Havens 1988;Snow and Lewis 1993;Stanton 1994;Bernasconi 2003).The length of time a flower is open and the duration of receptivity of female function beyond the first pollen deposition may influence the number of effective pollinator visits and thus reproductive success. Specifically, variation in floral longevity may affect the number and genetic diversity of competing pollen donors (Primack 1985;Galen et al. 1986;Bingham and Orthner 1998;Ashman 2004) and yield a range of benefits to the pollen recipient. These include ensuring sufficient pollen; optimizing genetic composition of the pollen load; increasing the probability of outcrossing; and increasing number, genetic diversity or quality of the offspring (Schemske and Pautler 1984;Schlichting et al. 1987Schlichting et al. ...

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Predicted Pollen Dispersal by Honey-Bees and Three Species of Bumble-Bees Foraging on Oil-Seed Rape: A Comparison of Three Models

Cited by 78 publications

References 22 publications

Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic safflower (CarthamustinctoriusL.) intended for plant molecular farming to conventional safflower

Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic safflower (CarthamustinctoriusL.) intended for plant molecular farming to conventional safflower

Management of herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape in Europe: a case study on minimizing vertical gene flow

Sexual Conflict Over Floral Receptivity

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