“…This reduction of binaural unmasking adds to the detrimental effect of reverberation and echoes on the speech signal (e.g., Steeneken and Houtgast, 1980;Arweiler and Buchholz, 2011;Rennies et al, 2011a;Warzybok et al, 2013), which is superimposed with delayed and attenuated versions of itself, resulting in temporal smearing and significantly reduced temporal modulations, which are considered crucial for good speech understanding (Steeneken and Houtgast, 1980). The studies of binaural advantages for speech intelligibility reviewed above, as well as many others reported over the years, have led to a relatively good understanding of the factors that most affect intelligibility in noise and reverberation, and quantitative models have been developed that can predict intelligibility in many binaural conditions with a very high degree of precision (e.g., Lavandier and Culling, 2010;Lavandier et al, 2012;Leclère et al, 2015;Chabot-Leclerc et al, 2016;Rennies et al, 2014b;Hauth and Brand, 2018). In contrast, binaural effects in listening effort have received very little attention.…”